一次突发性暴雨的机理分析及短期预报思考

2015年9月4日白天,天津出现突发性暴雨过程,利用多种观测资料对此次过程进行分析,结果表明:偏南气流与高压底部东北风相遇,在蓟州山区以南形成辐合,触发雷暴发展;雷暴形成后,回波形成"后向传播"机制,配合中低空的南风脉动,在天津北部形成南北向的"列车效应",导致北部强降水的发生;上游的高空槽降水在近地面形成冷池,其向东辐散气流与偏东风相遇,在降水区下游触发新的雷暴,使得雨带快速东移,且当辐散气流与偏东风相遇后,出现小尺度辐合性气旋式环流,导致下游强降水增幅;当高空槽降水云团主体移过城区后,在γ中尺度辐合流场作用下,触发小尺度对流云团的生成和发展,影响天津城区再次出现强降水。在短期预报过程中,预报员在大尺度模式环境场分析的基础上,对于中尺度模式仅参考了其降水预报,而忽略了对中尺度环境场的分析,分析表明,虽然中尺度模式对此次过程的降水时段预报存在偏差,但其中尺度环境场预报,可以为此次暴雨过程在短期时效内(24h)的预报订正提供参考。     

PSZJ-1型声波全波列测井仪在固井质量检测中应用

PSZJ-1声波全波列测井仪是煤炭系统首台小口径固井质量检查测井仪器,可用于测量自然伽马、套管接箍、声波时差、声幅、声波全波列五种参数。在固井质量检查测井时,根据声幅测井曲线的高（〉90%）和低（〈10%）以及声波变密度测井图上有无波形或波形的规则程度,可有效检查水泥环胶结质量,评价第一界面和第二界面的胶结情况。二个实例表明该仪器在固井质量检测中具有较好的应用效果。     

时间序列InSAR监测地表形变

针对相干点目标的时间序列,提出了地表形变InSAR技术监测方法,该方法适用于小数据集分析。并采用郑州地区2007年1月到2010年4月期间的8景ALOS PALSAR数据进行验证分析。研究表明,识别的相干点目标具有大的干涉相干值和小的振幅离差,在时间序列中具有可靠的相位。从误差分析和与ENVISAT PSInSAR结果对比分析表明,该文求得的形变速率标准差在0.34mm/a和5.56mm/a之间,表明提出方法是可靠的。     

The association of Earth-crossing asteroids with meteoroid streams

Various points are discussed concerning the association of Earth-crossing asteroids (ECAs) with meteoroid streams, including the drawbacks of the techniques used in some previous work. In comparing the theoretical radiants of any ECA (or, indeed, comet) with observed meteor radiants it is necessary that the orbit used be that appropriate for epochs when the ECA has a node at 1 AU; in each precession cycle of the argument of perihelion () there will be four values rendering a node at the Earth's orbit, so that four showers are expected. Precession of the node will result in sets of showers at different times of year from different-precession cycles, whilst for some objects the orbital evolution is more convoluted. For diffuse, low-flux showers a problem is differentiating the meteors associated with any ECA from the sporadic background; a new graphical technique is introduced for illuminating whether such associations exist. A re-evaluation is required of whether ECAs should be thought of as being parent bodies of specific showers. Although this might be the case for some very large ECAs (such as (3200) Phaethon, associated with the Geminid stream), the bodies observed now being extinct or dormant cometary cores, it is suggested that in general the ECAs are better thought of as being large fragments produced in hierarchical cometary disintegrations. That is, some ECAs are just the largest meteoroids in meteoroid streams.     

1981-2010年江淮地区持续性强降水低频特征分析

基于1981-2010年国家气象信息中心提供的全国756站逐日降水数据建立江淮地区降水指数,选取6-7月江淮地区持续性强降水事件共26例,利用集合经验模态分解方法分析江淮地区的持续性强降水的低频性质。结果表明江淮流域夏季降水呈现随振荡周期增大方差贡献减小的趋势,根据江淮流域夏季持续性强降水的低频性质可以分成三类,其中10-30天低频振荡主导的事件占全部事件的50%,其低频成分的贡献达45.9%;10-30天和30-60天低频振荡共同主导的事件占全部事件的34.6%,10-30天低频成分的贡献达39.9%,30-60天低频成分的贡献达20.9%。在10-30天低频尺度上,事件发生前期自副高系统产生向极的波动能量的传播进而形成中纬度位势高度负异常,30-60天低频尺度上的位势高度异常稳定维持在利于持续性强降水发生的位相,为10-30天关键低频系统的形成提供一个有利的背景场,两个时间尺度上的低频活动在事件发生期间索相。在低频尺度上导致江淮地区持续性强降水的主要原因是位于南海至菲律宾北部的低频反气旋系统携带大量暖湿水汽沿西南东北向不断输送至江淮地区,低频反气旋与中纬度低频气旋系统在江淮地区强烈辐合导致持续性强降水的发生。     

0010号台风"碧利斯"导致莆田市持续性暴雨的成因分析

通过对2000年8月22－27日莆田市持续性暴雨的成因进行诊断分析发现，此次暴雨过程不仅与台风核心云团降水过程关系密切，而且与西南季风和越赤道气流引发的降水过程关系密切，从而为台风暴雨预报提供依据。     

A PREDICTION SCHEME FOR THE PRECIPITATION OF SPR BASED ON THE DATA MINING ALGORITHM AND CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

Based on the 74 circulation indexes provided by National Climate Center of China (hereinafter referred to as NCC) and the 24 indexes compiled by NOAA, the study used the C4.5 algorithm in data mining to establish a decision tree prediction model to predict whether the Spring Persistent Rains (hereinafter referred to as SPR) of 55 years (from 1961 to 2015) is more than the normal, and obtained 5 rules to determine whether the SPR is more than the normal. The accuracy rate of the test set, namely “whether the SPR is more than the normal”, is 98.18%. After evaluating the model by conducting ten 10-fold cross validations to take the average value, the test accuracy rate gained is 84%. There are differences between the three types of years with a SPR more than the normal when it comes to intensity and distribution. In spring, they have respective anomalous 850hPa monthly mean wind fields and water-vapor flux distribution, and 700hPa forms the zone where the vertical speed is anomalously negative. As indicated by the results, the SPR prediction model based on the C4.5 algorithm has a high prediction accuracy rate, the model is reasonably and effectively constructed, and the decision rules take comprehensive factors into consideration. The anomalous rainfall and circulation distribution characteristics obtained based on the decision classification results provide new ideas and methods for the climatic prediction of SPR.     

中国大范围持续性极端低温事件的一类平流层前兆信号

本文利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,研究了中国大范围持续性极端低温事件(EPECE)的平流层前兆信号及其对对流层环流异常的影响。结果表明,在52个EPECE中,有17个EPECE具有一类共同的平流层前兆信号:(1)在EPECE发生前10天左右,在巴伦支海一带的100 hPa位势高度场呈现较强的正距平特征;(2)随后,该正异常环流逐渐向东移动,并在EPECE发生的前5天左右,使贝加尔湖西北侧200 hPa纬向风显著减弱。本文据此提出了关于EPECE平流层前兆信号的两个判别条件,并以这两个判别条件对1949～2009年冬季(11月至次年3月)所有逐日低频场进行了后查和检验。结果表明,上述两个判别条件对EPECE的发生日期具有一定的预测能力。本文进一步通过位涡(PV)反演探讨了平流层前期异常环流如何影响EPECE发生的物理机制。分析表明,巴伦支海附近的平流层中低层PV异常有利于该地区对流层中上层正高度异常的维持,后者强度的25%来源于前者的作用。     

副热带东南太平洋海温对东北夏季降水的影响及可能机制

诊断分析表明,前期副热带东南太平洋海温尤其是前春海温与东北夏季降水存在持续稳定的负相关关系。无论是在年际时间尺度还是年代际尺度上,冬、春、夏季海温演变趋势与降水均呈反位相。尺度分离结果显示,关键区海温与降水的显著负相关主要依赖于其年代际分量,但年际分量也起到较重要贡献。相关分析和合成分析结果都发现,当副热带东南太平洋海温偏低时,其上空可激发出反气旋式距平风场,而在关键区海域西北部激发出气旋式距平环流。同时在所罗门群岛和菲律宾南部分别出现反气旋式和气旋式距平环流。西太平洋副热带高压(副高)位置较常年偏西,副高区为反气旋式距平环流。在东北地区西侧则为气旋式距平环流。在这样的环流背景下,副高西侧的南风加强了源自南海和西太平洋的暖湿气流和北方冷空气在东北地区的交汇,从而使东北夏季多雨。反之,当东南太平洋海温偏高时,其激发的气旋及反气旋距平中心和偏低年刚好相反,副高位置偏东,其西侧的南方水汽输送偏弱,同时东北冷涡也偏弱,冷暖空气汇合形成的低空辐合弱,东北降水因此偏少。这表明,副热带东南太平洋海温异常时确实能激发出一个从关键海区到东北地区的跨越南北半球的气旋-反气旋交替波列,引发北半球中高纬度大气环流异常,从而影响东北夏季降水。     

Temporal Variations of the Spring Persistent Rains and South China Sea Sub-high and Their Correlations to the Circulation and Precipitation of the East Asian Summer Monsoon

National Meteorological Information Center （NMIC） rainfall data and NCEP/NCAR daily circulation reanalysis data are employed to establish the onset-pentad time index of the spring persistent rains （SPR） and the decay-pentad time index of the South China Sea （SCS） sub-high. These indexes are used to study the relationship between the factors in SPR period and their relations to the circulation and precipitation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）. Results show that, the summer rainfall over southeastern China decreases when SPR onset is late. For then EASM strengthens and the cyclonic circulation around the Tibetan Plateau （TP） strengthens, which makes abnormal anti-cyclonic circulation （cyclonic convergent circulation weakens） appear over southeastern China. When the decay of SCS sub-high delays, abnormal flood prevails over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLYR） and to the south. That is mainly caused by EASM weakening while SCS sub-high strengthening, then the abnormal southwesterly over South China and the abnormal northerlies of anti-cyclonic circulation around the TP converge over the Yangtze Valley. The two indexes have high correlations with multivariate ENSO index （MEI） in March, indicating that the climate abnormity in East Asia is related to global climate abnormity tightly. The two time indexes are independent of each other, which is favorable for the prediction of the anomalies of the circulation and precipitation of EASM. From this point of view, we must take the global climate background into account when we analyze and predict the East Asian summer circulation and precipitation.