纳米氧化物颗粒对水基钻井液润滑性能影响的试验研究

通过在水基钻井液中添加纳米氧化物颗粒,来改善其润滑性能。选用了Al2O3、TiO2及SiO2三种纳米氧化物颗粒作为钻井液改性添加剂,利用极压润滑仪及销盘摩擦磨损实验仪研究了添加不同种类和浓度纳米颗粒氧化物对水基钻井液的润滑性能及减摩效果的影响。结果表明,所添加的3种球形纳米颗粒均有润滑减阻减摩的效果,其中SiO2颗粒的钻井液的润滑性能、滤失性能以及减摩效果都是最好的。当纳米SiO2颗粒加量为0.4%时,滤失量最小,润滑系数降低率达到15.6%,摩擦系数降低率为32.0%,磨痕轨迹平滑,减摩效果最为明显。当纳米颗粒浓度超过0.5%时,减摩效果降低,磨盘脱层磨损明显。     

Underwater Navigation Based on Real-Time Simultaneous Sound Speed Profile Correction

Precise sound speed profile (SSP) information is critical when using sonar for underwater terrain navigation. Nevertheless, acquiring SSP information in real-time is difficult, especially in underwater navigation environment. To account for this problem, this paper presents an underwater navigation method that applies real-time SSP correction to the terrain measurements. The method uses a probe to measure the surface sound speed simultaneously. Meanwhile, redundancy of topographic measurement data is exploited to derive the equivalent SSP information. The acquired equivalent SSP is updated continuously with particle filter algorithm. The terrain measurements can be corrected in real-time with the equivalent SSP to improve the performance of underwater terrain navigation. By removing the impact of inaccurate SSP from the terrain measurements, the proposed method can achieve precise and robust underwater navigation result without using an underway-profiling instrument. Simulated results confirm the good performance of the proposed method.     

Effects of Mudstone Particle Content on Shear Strength of a Crushed Sandstone–Mudstone Particle Mixture

The present study focuses on the shear strength, deformation, and particle crushing of sand which is mixed by crushed sandstone and mudstone particles. Two triaxial tests—one for unsaturated specimens and the other for saturated specimens—were performed, along with sieve analysis tests. Results obtained from the triaxial tests indicate that, with the increment of the mudstone particle content by weight, the angle of internal friction decreases, the cohesion increases and then decreases, and both the initial angle of shearing resistance at the atmospheric pressure and decremental angle increase and then decrease. Compared to the unsaturated specimens, the deviator stress or normalized deviator stress of the saturated specimens at the same axial stress may decrease due to the wetting action. Thus, the shear strength of the tested materials may be reduced by the wetting action. Results of sieve analysis tests indicate that the mixing of some mudstone particles into the sandstone particle mixture may reduce the amount of particle crushing, but the wetting action may increase the amount. The amount of the crushed particle may arrive at a minimum of 40% of mudstone particle content by weight.     

基于颗粒识别分析系统的碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别和统计方法研究

碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别和统计是碎屑流灾害的研究重点。文章基于图像处理孔隙（颗粒）及裂隙图像识别与分析系统（PCAS）,以贵州纳雍普洒村崩塌-碎屑流为例,结合纳雍崩塌堆积物粒径实测结果,通过阐释识别过程中阈值、孔喉封闭半径、最小孔隙面积的参数意义,研究PCAS软件在碎屑流颗粒识别与统计中的应用,并提出了颗粒识别时这些参数的选取方法。分析结果表明:（1）PCAS能自动准确地识别碎屑流堆积物颗粒与孔隙,相比人工计数更精细,所识别堆积物各区小颗粒比重较大,0～2 m颗粒粒径各区占比都在50%以上;（2）当阈值为170（像素）时能获得精细的二值图像,颗粒与孔隙得到了准确地区分;（3）不同参数取值下获得堆积物颗粒粒径分布结果不同,碎屑流堆积物颗粒识别宜采用较大的孔喉封闭半径和较小孔隙面积,当二者比值为3/30（像素）时能更好地反应颗粒粒径分布情况;（4）PCAS具有较高的可行性,统计结果显示,各粒径含量变化趋势与人工统计相近,两种统计方法各粒径占比、分布规律基本吻合,说明利用PCAS可以实现对崩塌碎屑流颗粒粒径分布的高效便捷分析。     

基于非均质地层参数表征的颗粒流模型构建

非均质地层参数的获取与表征方法是浅层地质体改造的重要依据。基于非均质地层的地质建模,表征具有随机不确定性和模糊不确定性的土体表观参数和物理力学参数。利用 Weibull 分布统计描述局部地层信息,并应用Diamond-Square分形插值方法,结合差分盒子维计算非均质地层分形维数,进一步合理演算整体地层参数。采用PFC3D数值模拟软件,结合马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法采样数据,对非均质地层块石颗粒及土颗粒进行建模。通过非均质地层模拟结果,发现其破坏过程与应力应变曲线要比均质土体复杂得多,由于块石大颗粒的含量、分布特性对土样力学性质影响显著。本文建模方法有助于非均质地层参数表征研究。     

克里雅河尾闾圆沙三角洲古河道剖面所记录全新世古绿洲环境变化

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地克里雅河沿岸的古绿洲与人类活动遗迹丰富,伴随着河流的变迁,遗址印记了古代文明的消失,河道成为孕育绿洲的证据.在浩瀚的沙漠中,古代文明与古绿洲属于依附关系.以圆沙古城为代表的圆沙古三角洲绿洲是孕育沙漠文明的典型.采自圆沙古城北侧深度约11 m的沉积剖面(KYN22),光释光测年和沉积学分析结果所示,剖面...     

几种非线性滤波算法的性能比较与分析

在非线性状态估计中,传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波通过线性化来实现高斯近似,由于截断误差的存在很难保证估计精度;而基本粒子滤波容易出现粒子退化,导致滤波发散。针对粒子滤波的两个基本假设：蒙特卡罗假设和重要采样假设,采用蒙特卡罗随机链的方法来提高粒子的多样性,并利用无味卡尔曼滤波来产生更高精度的替代分布,发展了无味粒子滤波。通过仿真实验证明,相比较扩展卡尔曼滤波和基本粒子滤波,改进后的无味粒子滤波算法性能更优越,对含有非线性非高斯的状态估计问题有更好的滤波效果。     

Study on the isotherms of the interaction between suspended particles and Cu (II) in the Huanghe River

The isotherms of the interaction between the suspended particles and Cu²⁺, and the effects of lysine and asparaginic acid on the isotherms in the Huanghe (Yellow) River were studied by applying the theory and method of interfacial stepwise ion/coordination particle exchange. We obtained a new stepped river isotherm, formed by two curves joined together with a “plateau” in the middle. The adsorption equilibrium constantsK ₁ andK ₂ were calculated by using the isothermal equation of surface stepwise ion exchange. Amino acid in small amount promotes exchange adsorption of the suspended particles with Cu²⁺. The degree of promotive action relates to the isoelectric point of amino acid. The promotive effect of lysine is bigger than that of asparaginic acid. Project 29361001 supported by NSFC.     

基于GPS和水准数据的微粒群算法联合反演祁连山北缘断裂三维滑动速率

将微粒群算法与位错理论模型相结合,采用中国地壳运动观测网络提供的青藏高原地区2001~2004年GPS测量数据和2000~2006年水准测量数据,通过常规定权和附有相对权比的方法对祁连山北缘断裂的三维滑动速率进行联合反演,并与蚁群算法反演结果进行对比。结果表明,微粒群算法收敛速度快、稳定性高,结合经典位错理论模型,是一种可以有效求解断层三维滑动速率反演问题的优化算法,在大地测量反演领域极具应用潜力。     

土壤粒径的光谱响应特性研究

以实验室制备的5个不同粒径水平的土壤样本和室内高光谱数据为基础,通过对光谱数据进行重采样、数学变换等预处理并进行单因素方差分析、相关性分析和回归分析,探讨土壤粒径的高光谱特性,建立了光谱数据预测土壤粒径的校正模型。结果表明,土壤粒径对反射光谱有显著的影响,波长越长影响越大;在全波段范围内土壤粒径和光谱数据都呈负相关关系,对原始光谱数据进行微分变换能增加其与土壤粒径的相关性;以反射率一阶微分建立的回归模型为反演土壤粒径的最佳模型,其建模决定系数■、预测决定系数■、预测相对偏差RPD分别为0.666,0.653,2.043,预测均方根误差RMSE为0.175。