大气有机污染分析和评价I．采样方法及采样误差

对近１０年来国外有关大气污染物的采样方法、有机污染物在气、固相中的分配以及采样误差的主要文献做了简要回顾。对不同采样器的采样效率、误差来源及误差校正方法进行了讨论。列举了一些富有指导意义的研究成果和结论。可以看出，在消除或限制了采样误差后，所得分析结果为客观评价环境污染问题提供了更可靠的依据。     

土体直剪力学特性颗粒尺度效应理论与试验研究

土体是一种颗粒物质,其强度与变形特性具有显著的颗粒尺度效应。根据土体颗粒间的连结性状和微重比,将土颗粒划分为基体颗粒与加强颗粒。构建了反映土体内部材料信息和颗粒特征信息的土体胞元,基于应变梯度理论建立可以描述土体颗粒尺度效应的土体胞元模型。设计一系列饱和重塑土的直接快剪试验以研究土体直剪力学特性的颗粒尺度效应,并定量计算了土体胞元模型的应变梯度和內禀尺度等微细观计算参数。试验结果表明,土体的剪切屈服应力随加强颗粒体积比和平均应变梯度的增加而增加,且与加强颗粒体积比呈近似线性关系,与平均应变梯度呈抛物线关系;加强颗粒粒径对土体的剪切屈服应力影响不明显。土体剪切屈服应力的试验结果与土体胞元模型的预测结果一致。     

龙滩水电站右岸导流洞开挖中爆破损伤范围研究

根据确定岩石爆破中爆源近区的质点峰值震动速度衰减规律的波动方法,导出了岩石爆破中岩体损伤范围的计算式。结合岩体爆破损伤的质点峰值震动速度安全判据,就龙滩水电站右岸导流洞爆破开挖工程中岩体损伤范围进行了计算,并对理论计算结果与围岩损伤范围的声波法检测结果进行了对比与分析。     

冻融循环作用下黄土孔隙率变化规律

冻融循环作用通过破坏黄土颗粒的大小和土体的骨架及组构影响黄土的孔隙率. 通过颗粒分析实验发现冻融循环后土体颗粒有变小趋势,且集中分布在0.01～0.05 mm,在冻融10次后颗粒大小趋于稳定. 对经历冻融循环后的黄土进行压汞实验,发现随着冻融次数的增加,土体孔隙中的大孔径先减少,后增多;小孔径先增多,后减少,最后向5～10 μm范围内集中. 土的孔隙率也随冻融次数的增加而发生变化. 原状黄土的孔隙率在冻融5次时达到最小值,在冻融10次时达到最大值,冻融10次之后原状黄土的孔隙率在40%上下波动,达到稳定状态. 重塑黄土在冻融3次时孔隙率减少了6%并达到最小值,在冻融5次时孔隙率增加3%并达到最大值,最后在40%上下波动,达到稳定状态. 渗透系数的变化曲线与通过压汞实验获得的孔隙率变化曲线相似,印证了随着冻融次数的增加黄土的孔隙率呈先减小,后增大,然后趋于稳定的变化规律.     

Effect of particles on the photodegradation of PAHs in natural waters-A case study for the Yellow River

Photodegradation of chrysene, benzo （a） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene in natural water of the Yellow River was studied using simulation sunlight. The effects of particulates on the photodegradation were explored. Several results arose from this study. （1） The photodegradation of PAHs can be fitted with first-order kinetics when no particulate exists in water system, and the first-order constant increases with decreasing of initial concentration of PAHs. The photodegradation rates of the three PAHs are related to their molecule absorption spectrum. （2） The existence of loess exerts two kinds of effects on the photodegradation of PAHs, including the inner filter effects and the photosensitizing effects of humic substance in loess. These two contrary effects lead to the difference of net effects among different contents of loess. When the loess contents are 0.1 and 5.0 g/L, the existence of loess stimulates the photodegradation of chrysene, benzo （a） pyrene. When the loess content is 5.0 g/L, the existence of loess stimulates the photodegradation of benzo （g, h, i） perylene. In addition, the photodegradation of PAHs can be fitted with the second-order kinetics when there is loess in the water system. （3） The soluble humic substances in loess can accelerate the photodegradation of PAHs while the in soluble part cannot. （4） Since the soluble humic substances in the suspended solids of the river have been dissolved in water,     

晶体及矿物颗粒大小对岩土材料力学性质的影响

岩石常见较大的晶体或者矿物颗粒,混凝土中是骨料,通过团簇模拟大颗粒的力学行为、团簇可以破裂。根据设计的相同数量、相同位置、不同半径的大颗粒数值单轴压缩试验,在虚拟试验条件下,考察了颗粒大小对材料力学响应的影响。通过分析颗粒材料的破裂形态、裂纹扩展过程、应力-应变曲线和破裂能量演化规律发现：大颗粒具有明显的增强特性,有阻止裂纹扩展的作用,破裂多绕大颗粒发展;增强幅度随颗粒半径的增加呈单增趋势,半径较小时,增强效果不明显。     

Theoretical Derivation of a Peak Particle Velocity–Distance Law for the Prediction of Vibrations from Blasting

I would like to suggest a theoretical justification for the mathematical structure of some laws for predicting the maximum particle velocity vibration from blasting operations in the light of some basic notions of elastic and anelastic wave theory. Within this point of view, in dimensionally correct expressions, the terms pertaining to the rock, to the blast and to the seismic wave become evident and recognisable. A law is presented that can be used to forecast the maximum particle velocity on the basis of some blast design and rock parameters. Four tests of the proposed law performed with real data sets seem to confirm fairly well its reliability.     

Investigation into the effect of fault properties on wave transmission

The estimation of wave transmission across the fractured rock masses is of great importance for rock engineers to assess the stability of rock slopes in open pit mines. Presence of fault, as a major discontinuity, in the jointed rock mass can significantly impact on the peak particle velocity and transmission of blast waves, particularly where a fault contains a thick infilling with weak mechanical properties. This paper aims to study the effect of fault properties on transmission of blasting waves using the distinct element method. First, a validation study was carried out on the wave transmission across a single joint and different rock mediums through undertaking a comparative study against analytical models. Then, the transmission of blast wave across a fault with thick infilling in the Golgohar iron mine, Iran, was numerically studied, and the results were compared with the field measurements. The blast wave was numerically simulated using a hybrid finite element and finite difference code which then the outcome was used as the input for the distinct element method analysis. The measured uplift of hanging wall, as a result of wave transmission across the fault, in the numerical model agrees well with the recorded field measurement. Finally, the validated numerical model was used to study the effect of fault properties on wave transmission. It was found that the fault inclination angle is the most effective parameter on the peak particle velocity and uplift. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

根据泥石流沉积物计算泥石流容重的方法研究

泥石流的容重是泥石流的最重要的参数之一,用简单易行的方法获得泥石流的容重因泥石流灾害的评估和泥石流的防治的需要显得日益重要。分析了泥石流的组成颗粒中3个分别代表粗颗粒,细颗粒和粘粒颗粒的颗粒粒径,即2 mm、0.05 mm和0.005 mm,及它们的百分含量与泥石流容重的关系。在对泥石流的组成颗粒的研究中发现泥石流中的粗颗粒,细颗粒和粘粒颗粒的百分含量与泥石流容重都有一定的关系,但因地区的差异这种关系不是唯一的。粘性泥石流中的粘粒含量与物源区的粘粒含量相当,稀性泥石流的粘粒含量远大于物源区的粘粒含量。用粗颗粒和细颗粒百分含量计算的泥石流的容重与泥石流观测样和沉积样对比有较好的一致性。根据泥石流沉积物计算的泥石流容重应服从根据沉积物的特征判断的泥石流类型和框定的泥石流容重范围。     

Fe3+纳米胶体颗粒的光吸收边蓝移与溶液中Al/Fe比的关系

合成了n（Al）／n（Fe）和碱化度不同的45个聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）样品,进行了光谱分析,结果显示光吸收边蓝移或红移以及Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒大小分布与溶液的Al／Fe比和碱化度（B=[OH]／[Al＋Fe]）密切相关。电镜观察和电子衍射分析表明：Al（Ⅲ）的加入使Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体纳米胶体颗粒变小、有序度降低是造成PAFE光吸收边蓝移和保持胶体颗粒在亚稳定状态下存在的重要原因。当n（Al）／n（Fe）〉8：2后,PAFC溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）羟基氧化物和Al-Fe共聚体胶体主要以〈10m的纳米颗粒形态存在,对应的光谱能级提高到26000cm^-1以上,且各种曰值下Fe^3＋的光谱能级趋于一致。这表明,在大量Al（Ⅲ）存在条件下,PAFE中Fe3^＋的所处的化学环境相似。点能谱分析显示,n（Al）／n（Fe）=4：6的样品中颗粒物的化学计量比最接近AlOOH,FeOOH,溶液的稳定性最差。