多源遥感数据协同的我国草原积雪范围全天候实时监测

草原积雪信息的获取对于确定草原雪灾的影响范围与灾情等级等具有重要意义。基于光学遥感与微波遥感应用于草原积雪监测的各自优缺点,提出了将光学MODIS数据与被动微波AMSR-E数据有效协同进行我国草原积雪实时监测的业务流程,阐述了相关算法和实现步骤;进而结合农业部要求,对我国雪灾最严重的省区之一——内蒙古草原2007年12月1日至2008年1月20日期间的雪灾状况进行了全天候实时监测,取得了实际监测效果,成功地获取了总计达到51天的连续监测数据,揭示出了监测时段期内蒙古草原积雪发生的时空状况。所提出多源遥感数据在我国草原积雪监测中协同应用算法及其技术路线实现了对草原积雪的全天候实时监测,可应用于我国草原积雪监测的业务化运行,可提升我国雪灾减灾应急基于先进遥感手段的应用水平和监测精度,积极服务于国家雪灾应急减灾的迫切现实需求。     

典型干旱区沙尘气溶胶光学厚度及粒度谱分布的初步分析

利用中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站2001年9月至2002年5月的太阳光度计辐射资料,计算了该地区各月平均大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）,并对该地区秋、冬、春三季平均的光学厚度进行了比较,同时对日变化也作了分析。此外,从反演的粒度谱分布也可以看出,春季该地区大气中的气溶胶粒子含量远大于冬、秋两季,并可以反映出春季大气层结的不稳定性,但反演方法的精度有限,还有待进一步提高。     

沙尘源区与下游地区沙尘期间气溶胶光学特性分析

为了解沙尘传输过程中气溶胶粒子光学性质的变化,利用2001-2008年中国北方4个站点沙尘期间的数据资料,比较分析了沙尘源区与下游地区气溶胶光学特性的差异。结果表明,沙尘期间大量粗粒子对总消光具有强烈贡献,沙尘源区和下游地区粗粒子消光分别占总消光的85.2%和65.8%。沙尘期间沙尘源区与下游地区均表现出较高的气溶胶光学厚度;而源区的Angstrom波长指数明显低于下游地区,当沙尘暴出现时会下降到零甚至负值。沙尘源区与下游区气溶胶体积尺度谱以粗模态峰为主模态峰。在波长440~1 020 nm时,气溶胶单次散射反照率随波长增大而增大,源区与下游地区的单次散射反照率分别达到0.95和0.92。沙尘源区气溶胶的不对称因子大于下游地区,4个波段的平均不对称因子分别为0.73和0.70。     

Comparison between MODIS-derived Day and Night Cloud Cover and Surface Observations over the North China Plain

Satellite and human visual observation are two of the most important observation approaches for cloud cover. In this study, the total cloud cover(TCC) observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites was compared with Synop meteorological station observations over the North China Plain and its surrounding regions for 11 years during daytime and7 years during nighttime. The Synop data were recorded eight times a day at 3-h intervals. Linear interpolation was used to interpolate the Synop data to the MODIS overpass time in order to reduce the temporal deviation between the satellite and Synop observations. Results showed that MODIS-derived TCC had good consistency with the Synop observations; the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 in winter to 0.73 in summer for Terra MODIS, and from 0.55 in winter to 0.71 in summer for Aqua MODIS. However, they also had certain differences. On average, the MODIS-derived TCC was 15.16%higher than the Synop data, and this value was higher at nighttime(15.58%–16.64%) than daytime(12.74%–14.14%). The deviation between the MODIS and Synop TCC had large seasonal variation, being largest in winter(29.53%–31.07%) and smallest in summer(4.46%–6.07%). Analysis indicated that cloud with low cloud-top height and small cloud optical thickness was more likely to cause observation bias. Besides, an increase in the satellite view zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, or snow cover could lead to positively biased MODIS results, and this affect differed among different cloud types.     

光学有效载荷高精度绝对辐射定标技术研究

随着多波段、多平台、高光谱分辨率遥感仪器的迅速发展,要求光谱辐射定标技术具有前所未有的高精度和长期测量稳定性。目前,传统辐射定标方法的精度已逐渐难以满足定量遥感应用的需求。本文提出了一种新型基于辐亮度标准探测器的高精度光谱辐射定标先进方法和技术,由于该方法可直接溯源至低温绝对辐射计,其绝对精度和长期稳定性优于传统的基于标准光源法,是提高中国目前光学遥感器实验室、星上和场地替代定标精度的有效途径。该方法已两次成功应用于中国“FY-2”气象卫星04和05星发射前外场定标,实际应用效果表明,它能够有效提高中国卫星遥感器的外场定标精度,对改善中国当前卫星遥感器各阶段定标精度,具有潜在的应用价值。     

Intercomparison of Formaldehyde Measurements in Clean and Polluted Atmospheres

Three different techniques used tomeasure atmospheric formaldehyde were compared duringa field campaign carried out at a clean maritime siteon the West coast of Ireland. Two spectroscopictechniques Differential Optical AbsorptionSpectroscopy (DOAS) and Tunable Diode Laser AbsorptionSpectroscopy (TDLAS), together with a glass coil/Hantzschreaction/fluorescence technique, wereemployed for measurements of atmospheric formaldehydeof the order of a few hundred pptv. The betteragreement was observed between the fluorescence andDOAS instruments.Two DOAS instruments were compared to the glasscoil/Hantzsch reaction/fluorescence technique at asemi-polluted site on the North Norfolk coast, U.K.,where concentrations of formaldehyde were observed atlevels up to 4 ppbv. A very good agreement wasobserved between the two instruments.The glass coil/Hantzsch reaction/fluorescence and theTDLAS instruments were also deployed simultaneously inorder to measure indoor air inside a mobile laboratorylocated at the Imperial College Silwood Park site nearAscot, U.K. The doors of the mobile laboratory wereleft open in order to obtain the backgroundformaldehyde concentrations. Closing them afterwardsallowed us to observe the increase in concentrationsas a result of indoor emissions. The agreement betweenthe two instruments was outstanding (correlationcoefficient was 99%).The results from this study showed that of the fourinstruments included in this intercomparison the glasscoil/Hantzsch reaction/fluorescence technique provedthe most suitable for continuous measurements offormaldehyde in the background atmosphere.     

光纤传感器在水文地球化学地震前兆观测中的应用及其前景

地震科学面临步入中年的考验，观测技术的革新和进步可能是地震科学焕发青春的途径之一。光纤传感器具有本质安全，电绝缘性好、便于连网、易于实现远程和在线测量等一系列优点。光纤传感器完全可以解决目前地震水文地球化学数字化观测和活断层监测中的诸多不足，它能够提供更加准确和可靠的数据。光纤的应用，使得远程和地下深部测量成为可能，并且多个测项可以复用同一条光纤。光纤传感器在地震前兆观测中具有广泛的应用前景。     

较差相位参考技术：VLTI-PRIMA

简述了窄角天体测量中地面较差相位参考技术在射电波段以及近年来在红外波段的应用。给出了较差相位参考技术计算两颗星之间角距的基本公式;详细介绍了地面上红外波段实现较差相位参考技术VLTI-PRIMA的发展过程,和其结构、主要部件、科学能力,以及达到的目标和局限性。描述了2008年VLTI-PRIMA研制成功后进行的几次试验观测,并给出了与VLTI和NACO成像的比较结果。最后介绍了该工作的展望,如仪器硬件和软件的改进、VLTI第二代仪器GRAVITY的研制,以及根据PRIMA研制的经验,对我国研制仅有窄角天体测量功能的地基中等口径大视场光学望远镜提出几点建议。     

鄂西铜铅锌尾矿库周边农田土壤-水稻重金属污染状况及风险评价

农田土壤污染导致的粮食安全问题已引起广泛关注,客观评价尾矿库周边农田土壤和农作物污染状况对后期土壤污染防治和安全利用具有重要意义。为研究鄂西某铜铅锌尾矿库周边农田土壤-水稻重金属污染状况及风险,本文同步采集50个点位农田土壤及水稻稻穗样品,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱、原子荧光光谱等方法测定As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg、Ni和Cr八种重金属含量及土壤pH值,采用潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评估模型评价生态风险和健康风险。结果表明：①研究区土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn存在超标,Cd超标率20%最大。水稻仅Cd超标,超标率14%。②相关性分析显示土壤重金属有相同的污染源,渗滤液泄漏是可能的污染源;水稻重金属与土壤具有正相关性,Cd元素相关性最强,可能由于水稻对土壤Cd吸收能力强。③潜在生态风险评价结果表明土壤Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu显著富集,Cd富集系数达4.41,研究区处于中度风险,6%点位具有极强风险。④健康风险评价结果表明几乎全部点位土壤总致癌风险和总非致癌风险大于可接受水平,存在重金属致癌风险,As和Cd致癌风险较大。水稻总致癌风险全部大于可接受水平,最大贡献者为Cd;总非致癌风险全部在可接受水平内。综上,该尾矿库周边农田土壤和水稻已受到重金属污染,存在一定的生态风险,对当地居民健康造成的风险值得重视。     

兴隆85cm望远镜的夜天光平场及Fringing效应

北京师范大学参与共建的85 cm光学望远镜是中国科学院国家天文台兴隆观测站的主力观测设备之一.利用该望远镜在2019年5月12日的非常规观测数据,构建了其在B、V、 R、 I 4个波段的夜天光平场,并与相应的天光平场进行了比较.发现天光平场改正的典型误差在0.5%左右,全视场最大可达1.5%–2.0%.同时,还构建了I波段夜天光背景的Fringing模型,并开放给该望远镜用户使用.