辽宁东部硼矿成矿化学反应特征

辽宁东部早元古宙辽河群变质岩系底部硼矿床,是我国已知的大型热液矿床.通过对矿床地质、矿物岩石特征研究表明,辽东硼镁矿是层控热液交代矿床.其基底混合花岗岩强底劈上涌作用,促使其近接触带的矿物岩石产生热液交代作用,地层中的电气石分解重组,硼酸根交代蛇纹石、镁橄榄石、大理岩,形成硼镁矿,这一成矿化学反应特征的发现,为辽宁东部...     

对橄榄石相变形核率的估算

地幔主要矿物橄榄石［(Mg0.89Fe0.11)2SiO4］的相变与深源地震的解释以及俯冲带和周围地幔的相互作用相关. 其中,形核率和长大率是刻画其相变动力学的两个重要参数. 因为实验技术的原因,目前人们还没有基于实验数据给出橄榄石的形核率. 本文首先通过对挤碰物理图像的分析,对边界形核情形的相变动力学理论中表征挤碰程度的无量纲参数进行了修正. 在此基础上,根据已有的实验资料,首次对橄榄石相变的形核率进行了估计. 通过对形核率数据的拟合,可以得到形核率参数K0和γ1/3. 得到两个形核率参数的变化范围分别为K0=5.5×1021～8.7×1027s-1·m-2·K-1,γ1/3=0～0.20 J·m-2,最佳拟合值为：K0=6.9×1024s-1·m-2·K-1,γ1/3=0.16 J·m-2.     

A Kinematic Thermal Model for Descending Slabs with Velocity Boundary Layers: A Case Study for the Tonga Subducting Slab

For the purpose of investigating the influence of metastable olivine (MO) phase transformations on both deep seismicity and stagnation of slabs, we constructed a 2-dimensional finite element thermal model for a 120 Ma-old 50o dipping oceanic lithosphere descending at 10 cm/yr with velocity boundary layers, which would mitigate the interference of constant velocity field for the slab. The resulting temperatures show that most of intermediate and deep earthquakes occurring within the Tonga slab are occurring inside the 800oC and 1200oC isotherm, respectively. The elevation of olivine transformation near ~410 km and respective persistence of metastable olivine and spinel within the transition zone and beneath 660 km would thus result in bimodal positive, zonal, negative density anomalies, respectively. These results together with the resulting pressure anomalies may reflect the stress pattern of the Tonga slab: (i) slab pull force exerts above a depth of ~230 km; (ii) MO existence changes the buoyancy force within the transition zone and facilitates slab stagnation at a depth of 660 km; (iii) as the subducting materials accumulated over 660 km, deepest earthquakes occur due to MO transformation; (iv) a flattened ‘slab’ may penetrate into the lower mantle due to the density increment of Sp transformation.     

俯冲陆壳和洋壳对华北克拉通中生代岩石圈地幔改造的氧同位素记录

来自华北克拉通山东省中生代镁铁质岩石及地幔包体的橄榄石氧同位素组成显示,早白垩世岩石圈地幔主要受到了来自俯冲的华南陆壳不同组分的改造作用,包括镁铁质下地壳和长英质上地壳组分以及少量的海相沉积碳酸盐岩,而晚白垩世的岩石圈地幔则受到了来自俯冲的太平洋板块的改造。早白垩世受俯冲陆壳改造的岩石圈地幔橄榄石相对正常地幔高δ¹⁸O (6.0‰～7.2‰),而晚白垩世被俯冲洋壳改造的局部地幔则相对正常地幔低δ¹⁸O (4.1‰～5.3‰)。板块俯冲作用是导致华北克拉通岩石圈地幔破坏的重要深部机制,三叠纪华南陆壳深俯冲导致了华北克拉通地幔强烈富集相容组分而转变为易熔的岩石圈,早白垩世大规模幔源岩浆的侵位很可能与俯冲大陆板片的整体断离或拆离作用相关;晚中生代以来的太平洋俯冲作用则引发了岩石圈地幔的置换和增生作用,形成了目前新、老地幔共存的格局。     

南极三块（L3）陨石球粒结构类型及其矿物学物征

我国第16次南极考察队回收到6块稀少种类陨石-13型,GRV99001,GRV99019,GRV99020,GRV99021,GRV99022,GRV99026。本文对其中3块陨石进行研究,研究它们的球粒结构和矿物化学成分．它们虽然部属于非平衡普通球粒陨石（L3）,但它们的亚类不同,GRV99001为13．4,GRV99026为L3．5,GRV99019为L3．6．它们的球粒结构和球粒内的矿物晶体完整性和矿物组合变化比较大．橄榄石和辉石以高镁为特征．这三块陨石的球粒结构种类比较多．有班状的、炉条状的、扇形的和隐晶质的等．在GRV99001陨石中班状结构的球粒内能见到一个或两个以上完整的单晶橄榄石构成的球粒,也能见到多个细小的或是破碎橄榄石,被包襄在辉石晶体内．而在GRV99019和GRV99026陨石中只能见到多个细小单晶体或是破碎的橄榄石晶体．GRV99001陨石的炉条状结构,好象是由一条带状长石矿物,穿插在单个橄榄石晶体中构成．扇形和伞形结构的球粒,以一个点为中心,向外放射呈扇形．如GRV99019陨石中扇形结构球粒,它们是以辉石为主,陨硫铁充填在低钙辉石缝隙中,形成扇形．另一种是以多个点为中心,如GRV99001陨石,它们是由橄榄石、低钙辉石和长石质的玻璃．构成多个小伞形,形状类似三维立体的球,裂缝中也充填有金属矿物．隐晶质的球粒在GRV99026陨石中有两种,一种是在一厘米等于100un时呈现隐晶质矿物,而放大到一厘米等于5un时,就可以清楚看到两种低钙辉石矿物,在低钙辉石中还有金属矿物．另一种隐晶质结构球粒由极细小破碎的橄榄石和辉石矿物构成．这三块陨石中的橄榄石和辉石都以高镁为特征．班状结构球粒,在GRV99001陨石中橄榄石的MgO～33．37～51．21,辉石为35．9～36．61;GRV99019陨石中橄榄石23．33～56．58．辉石21.38-33.07,GRV99026陨石中榄橄榄石45.91-52.63,辉石34.48-37.35,扇形结构球粒,在GRV99001陨石中橄榄石29.94-46.22,辉石28.17-30.36;GRV99019陨石中橄榄石29.17-34.38,辉石23.11-27.79,炉条状结构的球粒,在GRV99001陨石中橄榄石51.84-56.03,隐晶质结构球粒,在GRV99026陨石中辉石20.17-21.54,橄榄石30.84-32.66,由此看出矿物晶体完整性越好镁的含量越高。     

Amoeboid olivine aggregates and related objects in carbonaceous chondrites: records of nebular and asteroid processes

Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) are the most common type of refractory inclusions in CM, CR, CH, CV, CO, and ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites Acfer 094 and Adelaide; only one AOA was found in the CB_b chondrite Hammadah al Hamra 237 and none were observed in the CB_a chondrites Bencubbin, Gujba, and Weatherford. In primitive (unaltered and unmetamorphosed) carbonaceous chondrites, AOAs consist of forsterite (Fa_<2), Fe, Ni-metal (5-12 wt% Ni), and Ca, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) composed of Al-diopside, spinel, anorthite, and very rare melilite. Melilite is typically replaced by a fine-grained mixture of spinel, Al-diopside, and ±anorthite; spinel is replaced by anorthite. About 10% of AOAs contain low-Ca pyroxene replacing forsterite. Forsterite and spinel are always ¹⁶O-rich (δ^17,18O∼−40‰ to −50‰), whereas melilite, anorthite, and diopside could be either similarly ¹⁶O-rich or ¹⁶O-depleted to varying degrees; the latter is common in AOAs from altered and metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites such as some CVs and COs. Low-Ca pyroxene is either ¹⁶O-rich (δ^17,18O∼−40‰) or ¹⁶O-poor (δ^17,18O∼0‰). Most AOAs in CV chondrites have unfractionated (∼2-10×CI) rare-earth element patterns. AOAs have similar textures, mineralogy and oxygen isotopic compositions to those of forsterite-rich accretionary rims surrounding different types of CAIs (compact and fluffy Type A, Type B, and fine-grained, spinel-rich) in CV and CR chondrites. AOAs in primitive carbonaceous chondrites show no evidence for alteration and thermal metamorphism. Secondary minerals in AOAs from CR, CM, and CO, and CV chondrites are similar to those in chondrules, CAIs, and matrices of their host meteorites and include phyllosilicates, magnetite, carbonates, nepheline, sodalite, grossular, wollastonite, hedenbergite, andradite, and ferrous olivine.Our observations and a thermodynamic analysis suggest that AOAs and forsterite-rich accretionary rims formed in ¹⁶O-rich gaseous reservoirs, probably in the CAI-forming region(s), as aggregates of solar nebular condensates originally composed of forsterite, Fe, Ni-metal, and CAIs. Some of the CAIs were melted prior to aggregation into AOAs and experienced formation of Wark-Lovering rims. Before and possibly after the aggregation, melilite and spinel in CAIs reacted with SiO and Mg of the solar nebula gas enriched in ¹⁶O to form Al-diopside and anorthite. Forsterite in some AOAs reacted with ¹⁶O-enriched SiO gas to form low-Ca pyroxene. Some other AOAs were either reheated in ¹⁶O-poor gaseous reservoirs or coated by ¹⁶O-depleted pyroxene-rich dust and melted to varying degrees, possibly during chondrule formation. The most extensively melted AOAs experienced oxygen isotope exchange with ¹⁶O-poor nebular gas and may have been transformed into magnesian (Type I) chondrules. Secondary mineralization and at least some of the oxygen isotope exchange in AOAs from altered and metamorphosed chondrites must have resulted from alteration in the presence of aqueous solutions after aggregation and lithification of the chondrite parent asteroids.     

新疆东天山香山岩体橄榄石特征及其成因意义

新疆东天山香山镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体位于东天山镜儿泉-黄山镁铁-超镁铁质岩带的西段,由香山东、香山中、香山西3个岩体组成。其中香山中产出中型铜镍矿,香山西为小型铜镍-钒钛铁复合型矿床。香山岩体橄榄石为贵橄榄石,Fo值多为81.90~85.66,Ni含量为638×10^-6~2 283×10^-6。模拟计算得出香山岩体母岩浆w(MgO)=10.70%,w(FeO)=10.66%,属于高镁玄武质岩浆。香山岩体橄榄石中Ni含量的最大值为2 283×10^-6,母岩浆中Ni含量为326×10^-6,是由原始地幔发生14%的部分熔融而成。香山岩体在橄榄石结晶过程中伴随硫化物熔离,隙间硅酸盐和硫化物对橄榄石作用明显,造成早期结晶橄榄石成分改变。     

Deformation microstructures of olivine in peridotite from Spitsbergen, Svalbard and implications for seismic anisotropy

To understand the deformation mechanism and seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in the Arctic, the deformation microstructures of olivine in the peridotite of Spitsbergen were studied. Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle can be explained mainly by the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine. The LPOs of the olivine in the peridotites were determined using electron backscattered diffraction patterns. Eight specimens out of 10 showed that the [100] axis of the olivine was aligned subparallel to the lineation and that the (010) plane was subparallel to the foliation, showing a type A LPO. In the other two specimens the [100] axis of olivine was aligned subparallel to the lineation and both the [010] and [001] axes were distributed in a girdle nearly perpendicular to the lineation, showing a type D LPO. The dislocation density of the olivine in the samples showing a type D LPO was higher than that in the samples showing a type A LPO. The result of an Fourier transformation infrared study showed that both the types A and D samples were dry. These observations were in good agreement with a previous experimental study ( Tectonophysics , 421 , 2006, 1 ): samples showing a type D LPO for olivine were observed at a high stress condition and samples showing both types A and D LPO were deformed under dry condition. Observations of both strong LPOs and dislocations of olivine indicate that the peridotites studied were deformed by dislocation creep. The seismic anisotropy calculated from the LPOs of the olivine could be used to explain the seismic anisotropy of P - and S -waves in the lithospheric mantle beneath Spitsbergen, Svalbard.     

塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体内橄榄辉长苏长岩岩石成因

坡北岩体位于塔里木板块东北部,由5个阶段的岩浆作用形成,其中,第二阶段岩浆作用形成的侵入体岩石类型单一,主要为橄榄辉长苏长岩,局部有零星的辉长苏长岩和斜长岩。岩石的SiO₂—FeO/MgO图解显示其化学组成为钙碱性系列,但单斜辉石的Al₂O₃—SiO₂及n（Si）—n（Al^Ⅳ）图解表明母岩浆为拉斑玄武质岩浆。岩浆演化方向与岩石化学系列的转化是同化混染作用的结果,侵入体遭受了长城系古硐井岩群1.38%～3.15%的混染。原生岩浆为MgO含量约7.31%的玄武质岩浆。岩石的TiO₂、Na₂O、K₂O、稀土元素、大离子亲石元素丰度均很低;除一件样品外,其余岩石的ε_Nd（t）值为+2.54～+2.81,这些特征表明岩浆源区属亏损型大陆岩石圈地幔。岩浆在结晶过程中处于物理化学条件相对稳定的近平衡状态,局部不平衡分离结晶形成堆晶结构和纹层状构造,岩浆结晶温度约为1070℃。由于岩浆源区熔融程度低,导致原生岩浆贫硫,且岩浆在演化过程中没有经历充分的分离结晶作用,这些因素使得橄榄辉长苏长岩侵入体不具备硫达到过饱和进而发生铜镍硫化物熔离成矿的潜力。