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The role of inflow magnitude and frequency on plankton communities from the Guadalupe Estuary,Texas, USA: Findings from microcosm experiments

Changes in magnitude and frequency of inflow results in subsequent alterations in the delivery of nutrients essential for phytoplankton growth and competition producing variations in community composition and nutritional value of phytoplankton. Zooplankton demographics are likely directly influenced by pulsed inflows due to flushing losses, whereas they are also indirectly affected by changes in prey quality. In this study, we report the potential effect of pulsed inflows on the plankton community of the Guadalupe Estuary. Microcosms were used that allowed control of light intensity and photoperiod, turbulence, temperature, nutrient loading, and flushing magnitude and periodicity. Our microcosm experiments were novel as they utilized natural plankton communities, thereby allowing the simultaneous interaction between hydrology, resource availability and grazing. Results show differences in microcosms according to magnitude and frequency of flushing. For example, copepod population density was greatest at the annual mean inflow magnitude. At half the annual mean inflow a decline in prey quality likely resulted in poorer grazer performance, and at double the annual mean inflow magnitude increased flushing losses prevented the incidence of higher copepod densities. Similarly, pulsed inflows resulted in greater copepod population densities, higher overall phytoplankton biomass, and dominance of centric diatoms (known to be faster growing and more edible). While reduced freshwater inflow associated with increasing anthropogenic demands often strains the needs of estuarine systems, the effects of reduced river input may be alleviated with several management options including manipulation of the timing, frequency, and magnitude of freshwater inflows. Before implications for management can be discerned from these findings, however, larger scale experiments are needed focus on the roles of inflow magnitude and frequency.     

Investigating the impact of artificial environmental watering on a semi-arid,highly saline floodplain using electromagnetics and surface nuclear magnetic resonance

Floodplains have ecological and cultural significance and need to be managed properly. However, floodplains along the River Murray in South Australia are showing a substantial vegetation health decline due to increased salinization. To improve floodplain health, water resource managers are experimenting with the delivery of fresh water to the high priority floodplains. However, the salinity impact of watering on the shallow, saline groundwater is not well understood due to the presence of a spatially variable and impermeable surface clay layer. This study uses time-domain electromagnetics (EM) and surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to assess the impact of watering on groundwater salinity in a South Australian River Murray floodplain. We examined the changes in bulk electrical conductivity (EC) from time-domain EM data collected at five sites before and after a watering event. Only one site showed a bulk EC reduction of up to 5,200 μS/cm, suggesting groundwater was freshened, whilst the remaining sites showed little change in bulk EC. Our results suggest the salinity impact of watering is highly localized and heterogeneous. For ecological management purposes, it is also desirable to estimate groundwater EC after watering. This study presents a method to estimate groundwater EC in a highly conductive environment by coupling EM with surface NMR. We also extended the analysis to an airborne-EM survey to derive spatial distribution of groundwater EC, which provides additional insights into the floodplain processes and shows an overall good agreement with field observations. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of using geophysics to investigate floodplain dynamics. The methodology developed in this study is useful for first-pass assessments of groundwater quality in a non-invasive manner, which is transferrable to many other fresh or saline groundwater systems, especially in ecologically sensitive areas where traditional hydrogeological techniques may be unsuitable due to the potential disturbance of local ecosystems.     

兰州数字遥测台网面波震级的对比研究

对比了兰州数字遥测地震台网所测定的速度震级与仿真位移震级、中国地震局平均震级之间的差异,分析了它们之间的相关程度、一致性、差异性。初步结果表明,兰州数字遥测台网测定的震级比中国地震局平均震级略高0．05,这种偏差在测量误差允许范围之内,并且数字台网资料直接测定的速度震级与位移震级的一致性较好,震级测定的连续性要求基本可以保证。     

Groundwater exploration using integrated geophysical techniques

The integrated approach to solving complicated geological, hydrological and environmental problems is now widely used in geophysics. Among all the geophysical methods, electrical and electromagnetic techniques are the most popular in groundwater exploration due to the close relationship between electrical conductivity and some hydrogeological properties of the aquifer (e.g. porosity, clay content, mineralization of the groundwater and degree of water saturation). Case histories presented here show that by proper combination of different techniques such as conventional direct current (DC) resistivity as well as the more advanced electromagnetic (EM) methods and the most recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography, the reliability of interpretation as compared to that typical for the individual methods can be significantly improved.     

我国内陆核电的用水安全

在介绍我国拟建内陆核电机组的安全设计和厂用水系统的基础上,分析了内陆核电的用水需求和保证率要求。结合我国水资源条件及水资源论证现状,对如何保障内陆核电取水水源的可靠性与可行性进行了探讨,并提出了内陆核电用水安全保障措施的建议。     

核废料处置概念库近场热-水-应力耦合模型及数值分析

特别考虑了缓冲层中温度梯度水分扩散、水蒸汽扩散对水连续性及能量守恒的影响,进一步完善了所建立的分析饱和-非饱和介质中热-水-应力耦合现象的控制方程,并针对试验资料,使用所开发的有限元程序对一个核废料处置概念库近场的热-水-应力耦合过程进行了数值模拟,考察了缓冲层及岩体中若干点的温度、饱和度、孔隙水压力及主应力的变化、分布情况,并将部分结果与国外类似软件的计算数据作了对比,结果显示,在定性和定量上二者的规律有某种一致性,从而得出了一定的认识。     

福建省数字化水位、水温对日本9级地震的同震响应

分析福建省数字化水位、水温记录的日本9级地震的同震响应,发现：水位初始变化多为下降;水震波的最大双振幅随着水位日变化幅度的增大呈对数关系增大,还受到该井潮汐因子的影响;水温同震响应多表现为下降一上升恢复,水位异常幅度越大,水温的异常幅度越大,水温的异常持续时间越长。     

北海区海洋放射性环境监测预警信息系统的设计与实现

本研究针对海洋管理部门监测预警的需求,开发了北海区海洋放射性环境监测预警信息系统。系统主要由信息数据库、分析评价模块、信息预警模块三大部分组成。该系统实现了放射性监测数据的管理和自动化评价分析,实现了核事故的预警、应急响应时的模拟预测、信息传输、信息通报等信息化管理。系统开发完成后,在海区放射性监测航次中对部分功能进行了应用,极大的提高了工作效率,为海洋放射性监测预警工作提供了技术支持。     

有关1997年11月8日西藏玛尼地震震级的讨论

１９９７年１１月８日在我国西藏西北部玛尼地区发生了一次强震。中国台网所定震级为Ｍｓ７．４,而ＰＤＥ给出的震级为Ｍｓｚ７．９。文中列出并分析了有关这次地震的全球范围大量地震台站记录的面波的周期和振幅资料,认为这种较大的差异主要来自我国测定平均震级时大量使用近台和面波周期远小于２０ｓ的资料。１９９０￣１９９７年世界上发生了９次Ｍｓｚ７．８的大地震,除一次外我国给出的Ｍｓ皆低于７．８。而另４次我国测定的