东海深部致密储层主要钻井技术及其应用

随着东海对深部致密储层油气资源的勘探开发,深井、超深井钻井面临的地层埋藏深、压力体系复杂、地层可钻性差、裸眼段长、井斜大等难题,需要研究可行的技术方案加以解决。为此,2012年以来,在东海实施的深井、超深井中,通过应用深井井身结构优化、高效抗摩减阻剂、动力导向和复合冲击提速技术、井口回注固井技术和随钻声波固井质量评价技术,实现了安全、快速的钻井效果。上述技术的应用对致密地层钻进、提高钻井速度、缩短钻井周期、降低作业成本、获得更好的经济效益,具有重要的保障作用。     

一个重力滑动构造的范例——介绍河南芦店滑动构造

芦店滑动构造是河南省西部嵩（山）箕（山）地区滑动构造群中的一个典型实例。其主要表现为双期相向滑动的叠加、两类滑动构造模型的拚合及两种动力因素的作用。通过对其综合研究得出滑动构造是正断层演化的结果,属于正断层的一种类型的新认识。认知滑动构造的意义在于：可在较新地层下寻找、预测埋藏较浅的煤层,如芦店滑动构造区。若按传统构造解释,芦店地区地表出露为中生界三叠系红层,其下伏主采二1煤埋深一般在1 400m左右,超过现行勘查规范资源储量估算垂深1 200m以浅的要求,但利用滑动构造观点客观、合理解释后,煤层埋藏深度最浅处只有几十m。芦店滑动构造的解释成为利用新理论找煤的一个典型范例。     

逆牵引背斜构造特征和成因

综述了许多学者对逆牵引背斜构造特征和形成机理的讨论。根据近年来对于渤海湾新近纪-第四纪盆地的研究,提出了一种新的解释,即逆牵引构造和伴生的简单或复杂y字形正断层组合是由于区域伸展作用下不同运动方式和差异位移产生的,并强调指出,逆牵引背斜构造与走滑作用产生的负花状构造在构造特征和成因上是不同的,不要把这两者混为一类构造。     

Drag on non-spherical particles in power law non-Newtonian media

The free settling velocity of cylinders and disks falling in quiescent Newtonian and power law liquids has been measured over wide ranges of experimental conditions of the particle Reynolds number (10^− 5–∼300), power law flow behaviour index (0.31–1) and the length-to-diameter ratio, ∼0.4–∼14. The corresponding range of sphericity is 0.62 to 0.86. An existing drag expression which has been tested extensively for spherical particles falling in Newtonian and in power law fluids has been slightly modified here for non-spherical particles. In particular, the use of this drag expression necessitates a knowledge of an equal volume sphere diameter (to evaluate the Reynolds number and drag coefficient) and the ratio of the surface area to the projected area of a non-spherical particle. With these modifications, the approach outlined here reproduces the present and the literature data for a wide range of non-spherical particles including cones, prisms, needles, cylinders settling in both Newtonian and power law fluids with reasonable levels of accuracy.     

Pressure Forces On Small-Scale Three-Dimensional Hills In Stable Conditions

Numerical simulations are presented of flow over small-scale three-dimensional hills embedded within the stable boundary layer. Large surface forces are associated with internal gravity waves excited by Fourier modes aligned with the ridge axes closely parallel to the wind. Even moderate anisotropy of the topography may then lead to the surface forces (in a frame aligned with the wind) being strongly sensitive to wind direction. However, the impact of the waves on forces in the direction of the geostrophic wind is relatively minor.The British Crowns right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Two-dimensional Dynamics Simulation of Two-phase Debris Flow

To investigate the movement mechanism of debris flow, a two‐dimensional, two‐phase, depth‐integrated model is introduced. The model uses Mohr‐Coulomb plasticity for the solid rheology, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian fluid. The interaction between solid and liquid phases, which plays a major role in debris flow movement, is assumed to consist of drag and buoyancy forces. The applicability of drag force formulas is discussed. Considering the complex interaction between debris flow and the bed surface, a combined friction boundary condition is imposed on the bottom, and this is also discussed. To solve the complex model equations, a numerical method with second‐order accuracy based on the finite volume method is proposed. Several numerical experiments are performed to verify the feasibilities of model and numerical schemes. Numerical results demonstrate that different solid volume fractions substantially affect debris flow movement.     

Neutral Flow Over A Series Of Rough Hills: A Laboratory Experiment

This paper presents laboratory experiments of aerodynamically fully rough, neutral flow over a series of sinusoidal hills. Two sets of hills, with maximum gradients (slopes) of 0.2 (10°) and 0.4 (20°), were considered.The flow remained attached in the former case while separation occurredin the latter. Characteristics of the mean flow and turbulence statistics are discussed and compared with profiles over a flat surface covered with the same roughness as the hills. Comparisons are made with linear theory predictions for the flow in the inner region and aloft. Accurate measurements of the surface pressure were also made, enabling the comparison between the measured pressure drag and predictions from theoretical and computational work with different turbulent closure schemes. Organised secondary flow in the spanwise direction, observed previously in both experimental and computational studies, was also observed here over the small hills.     

A Note on a Parameterization of the Sea Drag

A new parameterization of the sea drag is based on a wind-over-wavescoupling theory. The parameterization accounts for the wind speed, wave ageand finite depth dependencies of the sea drag. The latter two are introducedthrough the integral parameters of the wind-wave field: the dominant waveheight and the wavenumber at the spectral peak, and the water depth. Theparameterization is checked against the wind-over-waves model results andtwo field datasets obtained in a wide range of the wind speed and wave age.The comparison is encouraging. The parameterization is aimed for use inoperational ocean-state and atmosphere models.     

包络地形和重力波拖曳对气候模拟效果的影响

该文用Nju-PσM的数值试验, 研究了包络地形和地形重力波拖曳作用对7月气候模拟效果的影响.通过试验结果的对比分析, 发现包络地形和重力波拖曳作用都可在一定程度上改善模式的模拟性能, 使模拟结果更符合气候实况.     

Low-Level Atmospheric Jets And Inversions Over The Western Weddell Sea

For four months in the fall and earlywinter of 1992, as Ice Station Weddell (ISW) driftednorthward through the ice-covered western Weddell Sea,ice station personnel profiled the atmosphericboundary layer (ABL) with radiosondes. These showedthat the ABL was virtually always stably stratifiedduring this season: 96% of the soundings found anear-surface inversion layer. Forty-four percent ofthese inversions were surface-based. Eighty percentof the soundings that yielded unambiguous windprofiles showed an atmospheric jet with speeds as highas 14 m s^-1 in a core below an altitude of 425 m. This paper documents the features of these inversionsand low-level jets. Because the inversion statistics,in particular, are like those reported in and aroundthe Arctic Ocean, similar local processes seem tocontrol the ABL over sea ice regions in bothhemispheres. A simple two-layer model, in which anelevated layer becomes frictionally decoupled from thesurface, does well in explaining the ISW jetstatistics. This model also implies a new geostrophicdrag parameterization for sea-ice regions that dependson the magnitude of the geostrophic wind, the 10-mdrag coefficient C_DN10, and the ABL height, butnot explicitly on any stratification parameter.