Extraction of sedimentological information via computer-based image analyses of gray shales in carboniferous coal-bearing sections of Indiana and Kansas, USA

Fine-scale fabric within shales can be used to interpret environments of deposition. In particular, systematic variations in lamina thicknesses can be used to suggest the presence or absence of specific sedimentological controlling factors, such as tides. Herein, shale fabric is analyzed from Carboniferous coal-bearing and siliciclastic-rich formations in Indiana and Kansas. The shales exhibit well developed, normally graded lamina. Sediment grain sizes range from silt and sand at the base of the lamina up to silt and clay at the top. Computer-based optical scanning of prepared shale samples was undertaken so that the lamina thicknesses could be extracted automatically and then used for thickness-series analysis. The sands and silts tend to be very light in color because they consist of well sorted, quartz-rich sands. Conversely, the silt and clay that cap the laminae tend to be dark because of the small grain size; such fine-grained layers also contain large amounts of macerated and coalified plant material. Grain size and sedimentological differences within the laminae can be detected by optical properties and this facilitates automated image processing. Extraction of laminae thicknesses and harmonic analyses of laminae-thickness series can then be used to test the reasonability of specific environmental processes, such as tidal forcing, that were operative during the formation of these shales.     

一种新的针对反射波的逆时偏移真振幅成像条件

真振幅成像是一种代表性的定量估计模型参数扰动高波数部分的地震波成像方法.经典的真振幅成像方法在高频近似和理想照明假设条件下求取显式对角Hessian逆矩阵作为偏移振幅加权算子,用以校正波传播过程中的几何扩散效应,得到模型参数扰动的带限估计.真振幅保真成像方法在利用逆时偏移（RTM）框架实现时会产生低波数噪声,影响对高波数参数估计的精度.本文给出了一种新的基于RTM框架的真振幅保真成像条件,该成像条件针对反射波数据,在高频近似下散射模式对应正问题及Bayes反问题框架下导出.与传统基于高频渐进反演的波动方程成像方法类似,利用本文提出RTM成像条件能够保证计算结果与高频近似下反演结果的一致性.同时,利用本文提出RTM真振幅成像条件能够在成像过程中自动保真的消除传统真振幅RTM算法中存在低波数噪声,模型数值实验结果验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

声波远探测中偏心声源的辐射以及接收波场研究

通过最速下降积分法获得了充液井孔中偏心点声源激发的井外波场的远场渐近解;利用互易性获得井外存在反射体时井内偏心接收的波场渐近解,渐近解结果与有限差分的结果吻合;分析了声源频率、偏心距离以及方位角对波场辐射与接收的影响.计算发现：声源频率是影响井外波场的主导因素,声源频率较低时,偏心点声源激发的远场波场与偏心距离无关,可以将偏心点声源视为中心声源;声源频率较高时,偏心点声源激发的远场波场与中心声源之间存在不可忽略的差异,且频率越高、偏心距离越大,差异越大.计算还发现：采用偏心声源与偏心接收时,辐射波场与接收波场的幅度都具有方位角依赖性.最后我们给出利用反射波幅度变化来消除反射体方位角180°不确定性的算例.     

The use of electron backscatter diffraction and orientation contrast imaging as tools for sulphide textural studies: example from the Greens Creek deposit (Alaska)

The Greens Creek polymetallic massive sulphide deposit is hosted in a typical polyphase deformed lower greenschist facies orogenic setting. The structure of the host rocks is well constrained, exhibiting a series of three superimposed ductile deformations followed by two brittle episodes. The ore is found both in fold hinges where early-formed depositional features are preserved and in fold limbs where primary features are typically strongly modified or obliterated. Samples from both settings have been investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) coupled with forescatter orientation contrast (OC) imaging in order to observe the effects of deformation and lower greenschist facies metamorphism on pyrite. Results suggest that colloform pyrite may preserve information relevant to palaeoenvironment, that apparently simple textures are generally more complex, and that pyrite can deform plastically by dislocation glide and creep processes at lower temperatures and/or strain rates than generally accepted. This analysis indicates that EBSD and OC imaging provide powerful tools for observing textural relationships in pyrite that are not shown by more traditional methods. They should become routine tools for pyrite texture analysis.Editorial handling: D. Lentz     

多聚焦(MF)成像技术综述

MF(多聚焦)技术是一组以巨模型——独立成像为特征的地震成像方法,在该方法中,大的地震道的叠合道集进行叠加,而每一个叠合道集都横越许多共中心点道集,它用聚焦参数的最优化过程代替了传统偏移方法中的速度模型修正,极大避免了“速度难题”,MF技术可以广泛应用于地震数据处理和反演的各个方面(处理复杂的近地表难题、多次波的等),在解决复杂地质问题时更是有着独到的效果。因此,MF成像技术在地震勘探中将有广阔的应用前景。     

SAR成像原理与图像特征

作为InSAR系列讲座的第二篇，本文介绍InSAR的传感器——合成孔径雷达(SAR)的成像基本原理与其所获取的SAR图像特征。     

利用多时相的高光谱航空图像监测冬小麦条锈病

冬小麦发生锈病 ,叶绿素被大量破坏 ,水分蒸滕量大大增加 ,叶片细胞大小、形态、叶片结构发生了改变 ,从而改变了叶片和冠层的光学特性 ,使得遥感探测与评价成为可能。利用多时相的高光谱航空飞行图像数据 ,了解、分析和发现条锈病病害对作物光谱的影响及其光谱特征 ;设计了病害光谱指数 ,成功地监测了冬小麦条锈病病害程度与范围。对比 3个生育期的条锈病与正常生长冬小麦的PHI图像光谱及光谱特征 ,发现 :5 6 0— 6 70nm黄边、红谷波段 ,条锈病病害冬小麦的冠层反射率高于正常生长的冬小麦光谱反射率 ;近红外波段 ,条锈病病害的冠层反射率低于正常生长的冬小麦光谱反射率 ;条锈病冬小麦冠层光谱红谷吸收深度和绿峰的反射峰高度都会减小     

机载W波段毫米波辐射计扫描成像研究

通过机载试验 ,本文进行了W波段毫米波辐射计 (RADW92 )扫描成像研究 ,取得了黄河、渭河部分水域的微波辐射图像。试验结果表明 ,RADW92基本满足星载应用的要求。文中分析了影响图像质量的各种误差因素 ,并且提出了相应的解决方案。RADW92工作的中心频率为 92GHz ,带宽 2GHz ,积分时间 6 0ms ,系统灵敏度 0 6K ,线性度 0 999,天线为卡塞格伦 (Cassegrain)天线     

煤田火区遥感四层空间探测方法

煤层自燃是一个动态变化的过程,随着自燃向不同方向扩大或缩小,其热场随着燃烧过程而发生空间变化。本文在研究煤田煤层自燃现象及其火区灾害特征的基础上,基于宁夏汝箕沟地区的四层空间遥感探测试验,总结了不同平台遥感方法的探测效果,提出了利用遥感方法实现地下煤田火区监测的有效方法。