利用接收机钟差建模提升PPP收敛速度及精度

提出了一种利用接收机钟差建模提升精密单点定位PPP收敛速度及精度的方法。传统PPP模型中通常将接收机钟差与位置同时作为参数逐历元估计。这种处理方法带来了两种参数之间的高度相关性,从而限制了PPP收敛速度及精度。利用Kalman滤波对接收机钟差进行建模,实验结果表明该方法建立的钟差模型更为准确,并降低了钟差与位置参数的相关性,PPP收敛速度加快了约67%;北方向和东方向精度分别提高了18%和22%,天顶方向精度提高了43%。     

Fine S wave velocity structure beneath Iwate volcano, northeastern Japan, as derived from receiver functions and travel times

A genetic algorithm inversion of receiver functions derived from a dense seismic network around Iwate volcano, northeastern Japan, provides the fine S wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle. Since receiver functions are insensitive to an absolute velocity, travel times of P and S waves propagating vertically from earthquakes in the subducting slab beneath the volcano are involved in the inversion. The distribution of velocity perturbations in relation to the hypocenters of the low-frequency (LF) earthquakes helps our understanding of deep magmatism beneath Iwate volcano. A high-velocity region (dV_S/V_S=10%) exists around the volcano at depths of 2–15 km, with the bottom depth decreasing to 11 km beneath the volcano’s summit. Just beneath the thinning high-velocity region, a low-velocity region (dV_S/V_S=−10%) exists at depths of 11–20 km. Intermediate-depth LF (ILF) events are distributed vertically in the high-velocity region down to the top of the low-velocity region. This distribution suggests that a magma reservoir situated in the low-velocity region supplies magma to a narrow conduit that is detectable by the hypocenters of LF earthquakes. Another broad low-velocity region (dV_S/V_S=−5 to −10%) occurs at depths of 17–35 km. Additional clusters of deep LF (DLF) events exist at depths of 32–37 km in the broad low-velocity zone. The DLF and ILF events are the manifestations of magma movement near the Moho discontinuity and in the conduit just beneath the volcano, respectively.     

多波束测深数据系统误差的削弱方法研究

在多波束数据处理中,系统误差一般很少被顾及,部分文献采用两步滤波法削弱了系统误差的影响,但所建模型的可靠性较差。半参数(非参数)法在系统分析了测深数据系统误差来源以及各误差源间相互比例关系的基础上,对系统误差进行分解,确定系统误差各贡献成分的函数模型;根据估计点位,结合已确立的模型,计算各贡献成分对系统误差的贡献量;综合各贡献量,获得估计点深度的系统误差,进而在原始深度数据中消除系统误差的影响。     

井间高分辨率纵横波层析成像研究井间油藏

采用视速度-偏振井间波场分离法分离得到纵波和横波波场,使用跨孔地震走时层析成像级联方法计算井间纵波和横波速度结构以及泊松比空间分布.综合纵横波速度、泊松比和测井参数,分析两井间岩性和储层特性.数值模型试验表明该方法垂直分辨率达到主频波长的1/4,并能准确分辨倾斜断层和垂直断层.处理相同纵波资料结果表明本文方法分辨率远远高于以往的井间走时层析成像方法,比井间声波层析成像分辨率更高.使用该方法处理垦71区井间资料,得到同台同源纵波和横波速度结构和泊松比分布.泊松比的低/高变化与测井参数指示的砂/泥岩层基本吻合.根据泊松比分布,参考岩石地震物理学测试数据,可以区分井间介质中的泥岩层、砂岩层,以及砂岩层中的饱水和饱油区,确定储层的连通性,圈定井间的剩余油藏.     

Crustal thickness and VP/VS variations in the Grenville orogen (Ontario, Canada) from analysis of teleseismic receiver functions

We have developed a simple semblance-weighted stacking technique to estimate crustal thickness and average V_P/V_S ratio using teleseismic receiver functions. We have applied our method to data from 32 broadband seismograph stations that cover a 700 × 400 km² region of the Grenville orogen, a 1.2–0.98 Ga Himalayan-scale collisional belt in eastern North America. Our seismograph network partly overlaps with Lithoprobe and other crustal refraction surveys. In 8 out of 9 cases where a crustal-refraction profile passes within 30 km of a seismograph station, the two independent crustal thickness estimates agree to within 7%. Our regional crustal-thickness model, constructed using both teleseismic and refraction observations, ranges between 34.0 and 52.4 km. Crustal-thickness trends show a strong correlation with geological belts, but do not correlate with surface topography and are far in excess of relief required to maintain local isostatic equilibrium. The thickest crust (52.4 ± 1.7 km) was found at a station located within the 1.1 Ga mid-continent (failed) rift. The Central Gneiss Belt, which contains rocks exhumed from deep levels of the crust, is characterized by V_P/V_S ranging from 1.78 to 1.85. In other parts of the Grenville orogen, V_P/V_S is found to be generally less than 1.80. The thinnest crust (34.5–37.0 km) occurs northeast of the 0.7 Ga Ottawa–Bonnechere graben and correlates with areas of high intraplate seismicity.     

关于信息化海洋测绘问题的探讨

为了解决在多波束测深中声速剖面代表性误差会造成平坦海底地形凹凸变形的问题,提出了一种基于海底观测值的声速剖面反演与海底地形改正技术。该技术利用波束入射角以及单程回波时间信息,建立波束位移与误差声剖的函数关系,采用间接平差与LM（Levenberg-Marquardt）法反演得到与实际声速剖面相近的改正声速剖面,从而达到校正海底畸变地形的目的。海上实验数据验证表明：与含有误差的海上声剖值相比,反演改正后的声剖值更接近海上实际声剖值;水深改正的相对标准差降低50%以上,有效地削弱了畸变海底地形的影响。     

A 22 GHz receiver with high phase stability for radioastron space-VLBI-mission

A space-qualified low-noise 22 GHz receiver for the international space-VLBI mission Radioastron has been constructed. The microwave electronics is realized by using thermally matched hybrid circuits. The most important properties of the receiver are phase stability, sensitivity and reliability. The high sensitivity is due to a cooled low noise HEMT amplifier (LNA). The measured receiver noise temperature is less than 100 K. The phase stability is achieved by compact structure and thermal stabilization. Phase stabilities of better than 0.13°/°C and 0.2°/°C for the receiver and the LNA units are measured, respectively. The calculated reliability of the receiver exceeds the requirement of 0.97 for the three year mission.     

基于AutoCAD开发纵横断面辅助生成软件及其应用

对市政工程中道路的纵横断面文件进行分析,提出了一种简码格式,能减少工作量,提高工作效率,并实现了简码格式转换为全码格式;研究并实现了在AutoCAD上辅助生成断面文件的程序和断面图绘制的程序,变革了原有的工作模式;最后,实现了纵横断面的工作量统计。     

Frontiers in Seafloor Mapping and Visualization

Over the past few years there have been remarkable and concomitant advances in sonar technology, positioning capabilities, and computer processing power that have revolutionized the mapping, imaging and exploration of the seafloor. Future developments must involve all aspects of the “seafloor mapping system,” including, sonars, ancillary sensors (motion sensors, positioning systems, and sound speed sensors), platforms upon which they are mounted, and the products that are produced. Current trends in sonar development involve the use of innovative new transducer materials and the application of sophisticated processing techniques including focusing algorithms that dynamically compensate for the curvature of the wavefront in the nearfield and thus allow narrower beam widths (higher lateral resolution) at close ranges . Future developments will involve “hybrid”, phase-comparison/beam-forming sonars, the development of broad-band “chirp” multibeam sonars, and perhaps synthetic aperture multibeam sonars. The inability to monitor the fine-scale spatial and temporal variability of the sound speed structure of the water column is often a limiting factor in the production of accurate maps of the seafloor; improvements in this area will involve continuous monitoring devices as well as improved ocean models and perhaps tomography. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV’s) and particularly Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV’s) will become more important as platforms for seafloor mapping systems. There will also be great changes in the products produced from seafloor mapping and the processing necessary to create them. New processing algorithms are being developed that take advantage of the density of multibeam sonar data and use statistically robust techniques to “clean” massive data sets very rapidly. A range of approaches are being explored to use multibeam sonar bathymetry and imagery to extract quantitative information about seafloor properties, including those relevant to fisheries habitat. The density of these data also enable the use of interactive 3-D visualization and exploration tools specifically designed to facilitate the interpretation and analysis of very large, complex, multi-component spatial data sets. If properly georeferenced and treated, these complex data sets can be presented in a natural and intuitive manner that allows the simple integration and fusion of multiple components without compromise to the quantitative aspects of the data and opens up new worlds of interactive exploration to a multitude of users.