How many measurements are required to construct an accurate sand budget in a large river? Insights from analyses of signal and noise

Morphological change in river channels is frequently evaluated in the context of mass balance sediment budgets. In a closed sediment budget, measurements of sediment influx and efflux are coupled with measured changes in channel topography to provide both spatial and temporal resolution, and independent estimates of the mass balance. For sediment budgets constructed over long river segments (~10² channel widths or greater) and long periods (~2 years or longer), spatial and temporal accumulation of measurement uncertainty, compounded by inadequate sampling frequency or spatial coverage, may produce indeterminate results. The degree of indeterminacy may be evaluated in the context of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is a function of the magnitude of the mass balance and the magnitudes of potential systematic uncertainties associated with measurements and incomplete sampling. We report on a closed sand budget consisting of measurements of flux and two morphological surveys for a 50-km segment of a large river over a 3-year period. Accurate reporting of the magnitude and sign of the change in sand storage was only possible by using state-of-the-art techniques with high temporal frequency and large spatial extent. Together, a sand flux and morphological mass balance revealed that sand evacuation was temporally concentrated (~100% of mass change occurred during 19% of the study period) and highly localized (70% of mass change occurred in 12% of the study segment). A SNR analysis revealed that uncertainty resulting from undersampling may approach or exceed that caused by measurement uncertainty and that daily sampling of suspended-sand concentration or repeat mapping of at least 50% of the river segment was required to determine the sand budget with SNR > 1. The approach used here to analyze sand budget uncertainty is especially applicable to other river systems with large temporal variability in sediment transport and large spatial variability in erosion and deposition. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study on deep structure using teleseismic receiver function in Western Yunnan

1 Tectonic environment and geophysical background There are two kinds of continental-oceanic contacts relationship: the Atlantic and the Pacific type. The Atlantic type is characterized by extension and lower relative activity. The continent nearby the ocean is stable and its edge is of extension and block tectonics. Europe, Africa and American belong to this kind. The Pacific type is characterized by compression and shear com-pression. The continent near the ocean is more active than othe…     

静态测量型GPS接收机的研制及其性能

静态测量型GPS接收机系统由8通道、单频ST-1接收机和静态后处理软件两部分组成,通过跟踪测量卫星载波信号、测距码信号及数据码(包含有星历数据)信号,获得伪距和载波相位观测值,采用差分(主要是双差)处理方法,达到精确测定两接收机天线间相对位置的目的.基线测量精度为10mm+2ppm×D.     

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断层相互作用的模拟研究

以库仑破裂应力变化计算为基础,研究断层的相互作用。从震源断层和投影断层两个角度出发,研究5种地震断层模型分别描述地震断层和投影断层时库仑破裂应力变化的分布特征,分析震源断层以及投影断层的不同滑动机制对库仑破裂应力变化分布的影响。分析发现,断层的相互作用与断层的滑动机制关系密切;走滑断层还与其左右旋有一定关系;除斜滑断层外,其他断层之间的相互作用呈现一定的对称关系。     

顾及接收机UPD的PPP分步模糊度固定方法

提出一种顾及接收机未校准硬件延迟偏差(uncalibrated phase delays,UPD)的PPP分步模糊度固定方法,利用卫星端UPD产品对观测卫星的浮点模糊度进行改正,采用与整数无关的三角函数进行计算,得到接收机端UPD估计值.基于非差法估计接收机端UPD,根据非差窄巷模糊度协方差大小进行分步模糊度固定,并选...     

基于拟准检定的实时单站GPS提取同震速度的改进算法研究

提出了一种基于拟准检定的实时单站GPS载波相位观测数据历元间差分提取同震速度的改进算法.改进算法将实时高频历元差分数据质量控制作为同震速度准确提取的重要保障,对原始高频数据中的小周跳和粗差十分敏感,且能够有效地估计小周跳和粗差,从而抵抗它们对同震速度估计的不良影响;另外,改进算法还简化了数据处理流程,也使得利用广播星历单站提取同震速度、监测地震形变的算法更为稳健.选取了2011年3月11日日本大地震距离震中140 km的MIZU站1 Hz高频GPS观测数据和广播星历来测试改进算法.结果表明：拟准检定法具有更好的小周跳与粗差自动定位和估计性能,改进算法利用广播星历求得的同震速度与事后动态精密单点定位结果表现出很好的一致性.     

多波束测深数据的抗差Kriging 拟合

针对普通Kriging法处理多波束测深数据受异常值影响的问题,推导了变异函数样本值的抗差计算公式来消除异常值对变异函数拟合的干扰。利用实测数据对算法进行实现,验证了其在精确估计和检测异常方面的优势。进一步采用该算法对数据进行规则格网的构建,将其与人工剔除异常生成的格网比较,获得了一致效果,证明了算法在自动检测异常的同时生成高精度海底地形规则格网的可行性。     

乳山震群震源区地壳速度结构初步研究

运用距离乳山震群最近的乳山台2011-2014年远震波形资料,计算接收函数,确定震群震源区及邻近区域的地壳厚度和波速比。结果显示：乳山台下方各个方位的接收函数差异比较大,地壳速度结构呈现横向非均匀性;震源区与邻近区域存在明显差别,邻近区域的中、下地壳存在明显的高速区,震源区中下地壳中存在明显的低速区;震群中M_L3.0以上地震基本发生在高低速交界处。据此推断,乳山震群可能是由于中下地壳小范围内的物质的不均匀性导致上地壳破裂。     

时频～炮检距域面波衰减方法及应用

面波以低频强能量为特征,数据处理中常用的面波衰减技术有:频率滤波、F-K滤波和速度滤波等.由于面波特殊的频散现象,使得上述方法的应用效果受到一定的影响.基于面波的特征随炮检距变化这一特点,提出一种时频～炮检距域面波衰减方法:①对单炮记录中的面波区域做Fourier变换或时频分析,了解面波频率随时间和炮检距的变化规律;②...