中间主应力对共轭平移断层中各序次应力场和断裂等构造形迹相互关系的影响

从数学力学的角度定量分析了考虑中间主应力的影响时各类构造结构面之间的空间组合规律,并推导出相关的公式。首次提出了考虑中间主应力的影响时在预测或预报对区域稳定性或岩体稳定性具有重大影响的断裂构造的产状要素和派生构造应力场的方位和大小的方法。计算结果表明:中间主应力对构造结构面之间的空间组合规律具有重要影响。     

64排螺旋CT血流灌注对肺内肿块的诊断价值

目的:探讨肺部肿块的CT血流灌注的特征及临床价值。方法:对35例患者(男21例,女14例;平均年龄,64.7岁,年龄范围,24~83岁)进行CT灌注检查。使用64排螺旋CT,先平扫有问题的结构区域,然后选定肿块扫描层面,使用高压注射器,经肘静脉注入50mL·300mg·100mL^-1的优维显,速率为4mL·s^-1,延迟5s后,以电影模式行多层灌注扫描,持续35~40s。使用Perfusion3灌注软件测量血容量及表面透过性乘积。3个独立样本(肺癌组、结核组及炎症组)两两进行统计学分析(t检验)。结果:恶性肿块20例(4例鳞癌,12例腺癌,1例未分化癌,3例转移癌),炎性肿块8例,结核灶7例。肺癌、结核灶及炎性肿块的灌注均值(BV和PS)分别为:(8.43±2.44)mL·100g^-1,(24.30±5.80)mL·min^-1·100g^-1;(1.90±0.60)mL·min^-1·100g^-1,(1.19±0.37)mL·min^-1·100g^-1;(19.73±6.65)mL·100g^-1,(30.01±9.06)mL·min^-1·100g^-1。肺癌组与结核灶组及炎性肿块组与结核灶组之间的灌注均值均有显著差异(p<0.05);肺癌组与炎性肿块组之间的BV均值有显著差异(p=0.014,t=2.639),但二者PS均值无统计学意义(p=0.506,t=0.674)。结论:利用灌注值可以区分肺癌与结核灶、炎性肿块与结核灶,虽然单独依靠灌注值很难区分肺癌与炎性肿块,但是血流灌注仍间接反映了肺部肿块的生物学行为。     

Anthropogenic carbon in the East Greenland Current

Sections of dissolved inorganic anthropogenic carbon () based on 2002 data in the East Greenland Current (EGC) are presented. The has been estimated using a model based on optimum multiparameter analysis with predefined source water types. Values of have been assigned to the source water types through age estimations based on the transit time distribution (TTD) technique. The validity of this approach is discussed and compared to other methods. The results indicated that the EGC had rather high levels of in the whole water column, and the anthropogenic signal of the different source areas were detected along the southward transit. We estimated an annual transport of with the Denmark Strait overflow (σ_θ > 27.8 kg m⁻³) of ∼0.036 ± 0.005 Gt C y⁻¹. The mean concentration in this density range was ∼30 μmol kg⁻¹. The main contribution was from Atlantic derived waters, the Polar Intermediate Water and the Greenland Sea Arctic Intermediate Water.     

Meteorologically-induced mesoscale variability of the North-western Alboran Sea (southern Spain) and related biological patterns

Hydrographic mesoscale structures in the North-western Alboran Sea show a high variability induced by a number of different factors. One of the most important is the differences in atmospheric pressure over the Mediterranean basin when compared to the Gulf of Cádiz. This difference modulates the zonal wind field in the Alboran Sea and the intensity of the Atlantic inflow through the Strait of Gibraltar, also affecting the formation and extension of the Western Alboran Gyre (WAG). When westerly winds are dominant, lower atmospheric pressure in the Mediterranean enhances the inflow of Atlantic waters causing the Atlantic Jet to be located in the vicinity of the Spanish shore, creating a well-defined frontal zone in front of Estepona Cove. In this situation, the coastal upwelling is enhanced, leading to a minimum in sea surface temperature and a maximum of surface nutrient concentrations located in the coastal area. The vertical position of the chlorophyll maximum found in these circumstances appeared to be controlled by the nutrient availability. On the other hand, when easterly winds prevail, higher atmospheric pressure in the Mediterranean leads to a reduced inflow and the oceanographic and biological structures are clearly different. The Atlantic Jet moves southward flowing in a south-eastern direction, changing the structure of the currents, resulting in an enhanced cyclonic circulation extending throughout the North-western Alboran Sea basin. These physical alterations also induce changes in the distribution of biogeochemical variables. Maximum nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations are located further off the coast in the central area of the newly created cyclonic gyre. During these easterlies periods coastal upwelling stops and the distribution of phytoplankton cells seems to be mainly controlled by physical processes such as advection of coastal waters to the open sea.     

Bottom water circulation in Cascadia Basin

A combination of beta spiral and minimum length inverse methods, along with a compilation of historical and recent high-resolution CTD data, are used to produce a quantitative estimate of the subthermocline circulation in Cascadia Basin. Flow in the North Pacific Deep Water, from 900-1900 m, is characterized by a basin-scale anticyclonic gyre. Below 2000 m, two water masses are present within the basin interior, distinguished by different potential temperature-salinity lines. These water masses, referred to as Cascadia Basin Bottom Water (CBBW) and Cascadia Basin Deep Water (CBDW), are separated by a transition zone at about 2400 m depth. Below the depth where it freely communicates with the broader North Pacific, Cascadia Basin is renewed by northward flow through deep gaps in the Blanco Fracture Zone that feeds the lower limb of a vertical circulation cell within the CBBW. Lower CBBW gradually warms and returns to the south at lighter density. Isopycnal layer renewal times, based on combined lateral and diapycnal advective fluxes, increase upwards from the bottom. The densest layer, existing in the southeast quadrant of the basin below 2850 m, has an advective flushing time of 0.6 years. The total volume flushing time for the entire CBBW is 2.4 years, corresponding to an average water parcel residence time of 4.7 years. Geothermal heating at the Cascadia Basin seafloor produces a characteristic bottom-intensified temperature anomaly and plays an important role in the conversion of cold bottom water to lighter density within the CBBW. Although covering only about 0.05% of the global seafloor, the combined effects of bottom heat flux and diapycnal mixing within Cascadia Basin provide about 2-3% of the total required global input to the upward branch of the global thermohaline circulation.     

Simulation of the 2001–02 Anomalous Intrusion in the Northeast Pacific

Abstract

A numerical model, the Parallel Ocean Program (POP) was used to run a 46-year simulation of the North Pacific Ocean beginning in January 1960. The model had a horizontal resolution of 0.25°, 28 vertical levels, and employed spectral nudging that, unlike standard nudging, nudges only specific frequency and wavenumber bands. This simulation was nudged to the mean and monthly Levitus climatology of potential temperature and absolute salinity (S_A). The model was forced with the mean monthly winds, sea level pressure, net heat flux, and precipitation from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).

The simulation was used to examine the anomalous intrusions, previously observed from 2001 to 2002, of cooler and fresher (less spicy) water flowing southward along the coast of western North America. The simulated anomaly began in 1999 in the North Pacific, progressed southeastward towards the coast and then southward, at least as far south as southern California. The southward velocity signal, modulated by a strong annual cycle, reached Point Conception in 2000 while the temperature and S_A anomalies arrived later, in 2002–03. The simulated velocity anomalies were eastward at about 3?cm s^?1 in the northeast Pacific near 47°N in agreement with observations. Simulated coastal southward flow speeds reached 10–20?cm s^?1 during the summer from 2000 to 2002.

This intrusion was by far the largest to occur over the entire length of the simulation. It was also the only time during the simulation when the Victoria mode was positive (associated with enhanced flow to the east via the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO)) and the Multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index (MEI) was negative (La Niña conditions), tending to cause a southward flow anomaly along the coast.     

Infrared luminosities of local-volume galaxies

Based on data from the Two-Micrometer All-Sky Survey (2MASS), we analyzed the infrared properties of 451 Local-Volume galaxies at distances D ≤ 10 Mpc. We determined the K-band luminosity function of the galaxies in the range of absolute magnitudes from ?25^m to ?11^m. The local luminosity density within 8 Mpc is 6.8 × 10⁸L_⊙ Mpc^?3, a factor of 1.5 ± 0.1 higher than the global mean K-band luminosity density. We determined the ratios of the virial mass to the K-band luminosity for nearby groups and clusters of galaxies. In the luminosity range from 5 × 10¹⁰ to 2 × 10¹³L_⊙, the dependence log(M/L_K) ∝ (0.27 ± 0.03) log L_K with a dispersion of ～0.1 comparable to the measurement errors of the masses and luminosities of the systems of galaxies holds for the groups and clusters of galaxies. The ensemble-averaged ratio, 〈M/L_K〉 ? (20–25) M_⊙/L_⊙, was found to be much smaller than the expected global ratio, (80–90)M_⊙/L_⊙, in the standard model with Ω_m = 0.27. This discrepancy can be eliminated if the bulk of the dark matter in the Universe is not associated with galaxies and their systems.     

节理岩体地基极限承载力研究

由于节理岩体具有复杂的力学特性,节理岩体地基的极限承载力问题一直都没有很好解决。利用非线性统一强度准则考虑中间主应力影响和岩性、岩体结构特性可以通过参数m,s和σc 来反映的优点,将非连续介质特性的节理岩体等效为连续介质,在确定即时摩擦角后,结合滑移线场理论获得了节理岩体地基极限承载力的封闭形式的理论解,其解考虑了边界条件和基础的几何形状,举例说明了计算裂隙岩体极限承载力的过程和所需的参数。结果表明：节理岩体的材料特性和中间主应力对极限承载力具有重要影响。     

An anisotropic strength criterion for jointed rock masses and its application in wellbore stability analyses

In this paper, an anisotropic strength criterion is established for jointed rock masses. An orientation distribution function (ODF) of joint connectivity, is introduced to characterize the anisotropic strength of jointed rock masses related to directional distributed joint sets. Coulomb failure condition is formulated for each plane of jointed rock masses by joint connectivity, where the friction coefficient and cohesion of the jointed rock mass are related to those of the intact rock and joint and become orientation dependent. When approximating joint connectivity by its second‐order fabric tensor, an anisotropic strength criterion is derived through an approximate analytical solution to the critical plane problem. To demonstrate the effects of joint distribution on the anisotropic strength of jointed rock masses, the failure envelopes are worked out for different relative orientations of material anisotropy and principal stress axes. The anisotropic strength criterion is also applied to wellbore stability analyses. It is shown that a borehole drilled in the direction of the maximum principal in situ stress is not always the safest due to the anisotropic strength of the jointed rock mass. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩块超声波速测试中的震相分析

在岩体质量评价中,岩石样品弹性波速的测定是重要的工作之一。利用超声波在岩石样品中的传播了解岩石的弹性性质,需要充分利用波动中所蕴含的信息,而震相分析则是揭示波动中有用信息的有力手段。在震相分析的基础上,着重介绍了岩石样品中震相识别和走时修正方法,并将此方法应用于某工程的岩体质量评价中,取得了较好的效果。