Threshold of coarse sediment transport in broad and narrow natural streams

The threshold of coarse sediment transport has been examined in natural streambeds in an upland Pennine (U.K.) area. Threshold values of the total boundary shear stress (T₀) (for a given grain size), in a narrow natural stream (W/D < 11) are considerably higher than values of T₀ in a broad stream (W/D > 11). Efficiency in the entrainment process is related not only to the overall channel geometry, but also varies as a function of discharge in channels characterized by compound roughness. Empirical curves relating T₀ and a mean grain size (d ₅) are presented, but are limited in application to streams of similar physical and hydraulic characteristics as the ones examined in this investigation. Considerable divergence is noted between these empirical functions and a summary empirical function for general application obtained from a published source. The reasons for this divergence are discussed. The influence of grain shape was found not to be important in the initiation of motion criterion. This conclusion may reflect the limited range of natural grain shapes in the study streams, but might reasonably apply to other field investigations of similar streams. Modifications of the Shields' and Yalin diagrams are suggested for practical applications in shallow streams with poorly-graded bed material. The Shields' parameter may be regarded as an inverse function of the relative protrusion of individual grains in the shallow flow depth (d ₅/D). The increased importance of augmented drag forces, in the entrainment process in shallow flows, is suggested as the physical explanation for the reduced values of the Shields' parameter. However, the relationships presented should not be applied to laboratory experiments concerned with well-graded sediments (therefore beds with little deviation in level), in which the Shields' parameter may be regarded as constant at high Reynolds' grain numbers. Consistent estimated field values of ?, a threshold sediment transport parameter, might be used to compare field data to threshold values derived from statistical arguments and laboratory experiments reported in the literature.     

论中国地震台网测得的面波震级

文中使用了一个新的量规函数σ₃₀₀（Δ）,它是基于面波传播理论,考虑了面波的几何扩散、非弹性吸收、频散衰减以及面波优势周期随震中距的变化导出的,取全球平均Q=300。在震中距Δ=20°-160°的范围内与IASPEI推荐的面波震级的量规函数σ_IASPEI（Δ）一致,又推广了σ_IASPEI（Δ）的震中距使用范围,从1.0°-179°,以及可使用的面波周期范围（7.5-30s）,因此它更适合我国由中周期宽频带SK仪组成的台网情况。若采用此量规函数σ₃₀₀（Δ）和进行方位角改正,则可使我国台网测出的M_s与国际地震中心（ISC）测出的一致,震级误差降到0.19级,此误差与苏联台网的误差一样。     

利用自然伽马能谱确定地层岩性的方法

地层中的放射性核素Th、U和K的分布规律,与岩石的岩性、矿物成分、成岩环境和地下水活动有关。本文根据三肇地区27口探井的646个取心岩样的自然伽马能谱和室内分析出的岩性,通过自然伽马能谱数据库管理系统,给出Th-U交会图和Th-K交会图,从而找出自然伽马能谐与岩性的关系。     

利用速度型数字地震仪记录测定面波震级

根据ＬＡＳＰＥＩ所推荐的面波震公式，本文发展了一种利用长周期速度型数字地震仪记录测定面波震级的新方法，由于长周期数字地震仪基于上都采用速度平坦型设计，周期从３ｓ到２８０ｓ范围内仪器的放大倍数（增益）是一个常数，用本文的方法可以非常方便，准确地测定面波震级，实际计算表明，测定的面波震级与美国ＮＥＩＣ公布的结果相一致。     

实际地震序列和模拟地震序列的震级－频度关系

通过对实际观测的地震序列和由复杂地震系统模型产生的的模拟地震序列的分析，认为在整个震级段上粗略地看基本上符合古登堡－李希特经验关系式。仔细分析不同的震级段，ｂ值是有差异的，这与孕震体的内在恃性有关。这一认识对理解地震孕育的复杂性，认识地震孕育中共性与特性的关系是有启发性的。     

Seismicity in Major Seismotectonic Provinces of Iran

Seismicity parameters,i.e.,seismic activity rate,X,the so-called Gutenberg-Richter b value(orβ),and maximum possible magnitude,Mmax,for major seismotectonic provinces of Iran are estimated through the application of Kijko and SellevolPs uncertainty models.The uncertainty models facilitated the estimation of seismic activity parameters from incomplete and uncertain data files in the catalog of earthquakes in major seismotectonic provinces of Iran.Zagros has the highest seismic activity rate,and is characterized by the occurrence of mainly small-and mid-sized earthquakes.Kopeh Dagh has the lowest activity rate but is characterized by a greater occurrence of major earthquakes.However,the Makran and Alborz-Azarbayejan seismotectonic provinces are most likely the regions which are capable of generating great earthquakes.     

Physical background on estimating b value

The G-R relation lgN=a-bM (1954) is an empirical formula used widely in the seismicity research. But the linearity of b curves has great difference in different time and space domains. An interested question in this paper is that in how large a space-time-strength domain the b value has certain physical connotation. This study told us that we can get optimal statistical results of b value in those space-time domains which can develop correspondent strong shocks with magnitude interval (M _s≥8.5, 8.0≤M _s<8.5, 7.0≤M _s<8.0). Thus, the possible seismogenic areas in which strong shocks with different magnitude intervals develop can be inferred in different regions of the mainland of China. Finally, some new problems are proposed, such as the delimitation of seismic province, the seismicity parameter determination in seismic hazard analysis and in earthquake predictions by using b value. Contribution No. 96A-0074, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China.     

青海湟水盆地地壳稳定性的动力学基础

通过对湟水盆地区域震源机制、断层水平运动方式、地层褶皱形态分别反映的现代、第四纪晚期、第三纪构造应力场的对比研究，同时分析1990年以来地震活动图象，得出汉水盆地地壳介质强度可分为三个不同的，为各区未来地震活动强度的预测以及地壳稳定性研究奠定了基础。     

两种岩石地球化学图解在确定岩石同化,混染成因方面的应用

首先介绍了两种简易岩石地球化学图解，即元素，元素对比值混合方程和混染岩，混染端员元素浓度差相关性图解。进而应用这两种图解配合其它地质事实共同验证了冀东迁西上营－十八盘地区的云英闪长质片麻岩是由奥长花岩是由奥长花岗岩浆对角闪质岩石不同程度同化，混染形成的。