Expression of strain and rotation tensor in geodetic coordinates

In this paper, unit moving trihedron is first constructed for a point on the surface of a revolution ellipsoid. Via translation, the origin of the trihedron coincides with that of Cartesian coordinates established at the center of the ellipsoid, and then through two coordinate rotations, the trihedron completely coincides with the Cartesian coordi-nates. Transformation formulae between the moving trihedron and unit Cartesian coordinate frameworks as well as transformation of point displacement between two unit coordinate frameworks are presented. Based on the above transformation formulae between two different coordinate frameworks, due to the fact that the displacement and moving trihedron of the point are both functions of the geodetic coordinates, components in the corresponding axis for differential of displacement vector and geodetic curves arc differential at the point in geodetic system can be obtained through complicated derivation. Displacement gradient matrix at the point in geodetic system is also given. Finally, expressions of strain and rotation tensor in geodetic coordinates are presented. Geometric meanings of the rotation tensor are explained in detail. The intrinsic relationship between strain tensors of sphere and ellip-soid are also discussed.     

Explicit Symplectic Integrator for Rotating Satellites

An explicit symplectic integrator is constructed for the problem of a rotating planetary satellite on a Keplerian orbit. The spin vector is fixed perpendicularly to the orbital plane. The integrator is constructed according to the Wisdom-Holman approach: the Hamiltonian is separated in two parts so that one of them is multiplied by a small parameter. The parameter depends on the satellite’s shape or the eccentricity of its orbit. The leading part of the Hamiltonian for small eccentricity orbits is similar to the simple pendulum and hence integrable; the perturbation does not depend on angular momentum which implies a trivial ‘kick’ solution. In spite of the necessity to evaluate elliptic function at each step, the explicit symplectic integrator proves to be quite efficient. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

月壤厚度的研究方法与进展

月壤厚度的研究对未来月球探测、登月与月球资源开发均具有十分重要的意义。它是恢复月球起源和演化历史的重要参数,也是估算月球3He资源量的必要前提。本文将月壤厚度的研究方法归纳为直接和间接两类,直接方法主要是利用月震数据对月壤厚度进行推算,间接方法包括基于撞击坑形态、分布以及地基雷达遥感数据估算月壤厚度两种。随着定量微波遥感的发展,结合我国嫦娥探月工程的实施,利用高分辨率被动微波遥感亮温反演月壤厚度为月壤厚度的研究指出一个新的方向。     

Palaeomagnetism of the Loch Doon Granite Complex, Southern Uplands of Scotland: The Late Caledonian palaeomagnetic record and an Early Devonian episode of True Polar Wander

The Southern Uplands terrane is an Ordovician–Silurian back-arc/foreland basin emplaced at the northern margin of the Iapetus Ocean and intruded by granite complexes including Loch Doon (408.3 ± 1.5 Ma) during Early Devonian times. Protracted cooling of this 130 km³ intrusion recorded magnetic remanence comprising a predominant (‘A’) magnetisation linked to initial cooling with dual polarity and mean direction D / I = 237 / 64° (α₉₅ = 4°, palaeopole at 316°E, 21°N). Subsidiary magnetisations include Mesozoic remanence correlating with extensional tectonism in the adjoining Irish Sea Basin (‘B’, D / I = 234/− 59°) and minority populations (‘C’, D / I = 106/− 2° and ‘D’, D / I = 199/1°) recording emplacement of younger ( 395 Ma) granites in adjoining terranes and the Variscan orogenic event. The ‘A’ directions have an arcuate distribution identifying anticlockwise rotation during cooling. A comparable rotation is identified in the Orthotectonic Caledonides to the north and the Paratectonic Caledonides to the south following closure of Iapetus. Continental motion from midsoutherly latitudes ( 40°S) at 408 Ma to equatorial palaeolatitudes by  395 Ma is identified and implies minimum rates of continental movement between 430 and 390 Ma of 30–70 cm/year, more than double maximum rates induced by plate forces and interpreted as a signature of true polar wander. Silurian–Devonian palaeomagnetic data from the British–Scandinavian Caledonides define a 430–385 Ma closed loop comparable to the distributed contemporaneous palaeomagnetic poles from Gondwana. They reconcile pre-430 Ma and post-380 Ma APW from this supercontinent and show that Laurentia–Baltica–Avalonia lay to the west of South America with a relict Rheic Ocean opening to the north which closed to produce Variscan orogeny by a combination of pivotal closure and right lateral transpression.     

小江断裂带巧家段晚第四纪走滑速率研究

鲜水河-小江左旋走滑断裂系是调节青藏高原东南部物质向东南挤出的大型边界断裂。云南巧家断裂作为小江断裂带北段,其晚第四纪走滑速率是认识川滇地块东部边界应变调节方式的关键。本文利用无人机航摄和地面激光扫描技术,获取了该断裂段穿过金沙江河谷区红路和蒙姑两处的高分辨率地形数据,恢复出断层错动T2和T3两期阶地陡坎上缘的左旋位错量分别为120±5～128±1 m和193±1～202±1 m。根据T3中次生碳酸盐的AMS-¹⁴C法测年结果,结合已有的类似阶地年龄数据,并经气候曲线校正后认为,区域上T2和T3被废弃应分别发生在冰后期和末次盛冰期末期,时间为8.5～11.2 ka BP和18.6～21.4 ka BP。据此估算,小江断裂带巧家段的晚第四纪平均走滑速率为10～13 mm/a。进一步统计分析小江断裂带的晚第四纪走滑速率,发现巧家至宜良以北的段落,总体保持着10～15 mm/a的高走滑速率。但从宜良向南,断裂走滑速率出现了分段递减的特征,至建水以南快速减小到中-北段的近十分之一。小江断裂带中-北段的高走滑速率以及向南的分段式递减现象,反映在宜良以北,小江断裂带的走滑剪切...     

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两次长寿命非超级单体孤立强风暴多普勒天气雷达观测对比分析

利用济南多普勒天气雷达资料,结合探空和天气实况资料,对2次历时超过4 h的孤立非超级单体风暴强度结构、流场结构和环境物理量及其差异性进行了分析。结果表明,0611和0915风暴均产生于东北冷涡底部西北气流和低层切变线环境形势下,上干冷下暖湿,0~6 km具有强垂直风切变,600 hPa为起点的下沉对流有效位能（DCAPE）具有较大值。旺盛阶段,0915风暴的最大反射率因子（DBZM）、基于单体的垂直累积液态含水量（C-VIL）和强中心高度（HT）参数平均值明显大于0611风暴,差值分别是6.7 dBZ、11 kg·m-2和2.4 km。0915风暴成熟阶段的前期表现为明显中层径向辐合（MARC）特征,中期风暴中层表现为强气旋性旋转气流结构,后期又演变为MARC特征,同时辐合强度更加显著。0611风暴旺盛阶段中层具有双涡结构,但前期气旋性旋转强度明显大于反气旋性旋转强度,后期情况相反,反气旋性旋转强度明显大于气旋性旋转强度。两次过程中环境物理量差别明显的是对流有效位能（CAPE）和低层比湿,0915风暴CAPE和低层比湿明显大于0611风暴过程。在相似的形势背景下,低层湿度大,具有大的CAPE值,风暴内部上升气流的最大上升速度较大,利于强反射率核的悬垂和维持。     

应用于月壤取样钻具的激光选区熔化研究综述

综述了月球钻探取样钻具的发展现状,金属三维点阵的轻量化以及激光选区熔化制造技术的基本方法和优势。基于激光选区熔化制备技术提出了将三维空间点阵结构应用于月球钻探取样钻具的轻量化,讨论了点阵结构的钻具对于月球钻进过程的适应性并展望了轻量化月球取样钻具方面的发展趋势。分析认为,利用激光选区熔化技术制备的三维点阵结构在月壤取样钻具方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

试论汾渭“S”型旋转拉分构造体系及其影响

汾渭地堑系位于我国东部阴山与秦岭纬向带之间,自北向南,由集宁、怀来、大同、蔚县、忻州、太原、晋中、汾渭、天水、礼县、西和、成县等10余个NE向斜列的新生代断陷盆地组成,它们呈“S”形展布,反映华北地块在新生代时期发生了顺时针旋转,使古老地块发生裂解,可称之为“S”型旋转拉分构造体系。这个构造体系对中国东部构造格局和构造发展有广泛和深远的影响,强烈改造了秦岭—大别山纬向构造带和江南地块北缘的构造格局,使新华夏系形成分段特征,启动了华北地块伸展构造发展模式,影响所及直达琉球海沟。无独有偶,亚洲中部俄罗斯、蒙古境内有贝加尔地堑系,由反“S”形分布的新生代断陷盆地组成,它们也发育于古老结晶地块之中,可与之对比,是逆时针旋转的反“S”型旋转拉分构造体系。说明它们是同一类型的旋转构造型式,是古老地块裂解的一种方式。