Numerical stability for modelling of dynamic two‐phase interaction

Dynamic two‐phase interaction of soil can be modelled by a displacement‐based, two‐phase formulation. The finite element method together with a semi‐implicit Euler–Cromer time‐stepping scheme renders a discrete equation that can be solved by recursion. By experience, it is found that the CFL stability condition for undrained wave propagation is not sufficient for the considered two‐phase formulation to be numerically stable at low values of permeability. Because the stability analysis of the two‐phase formulation is onerous, an analysis is performed on a simplified two‐phase formulation that is derived by assuming an incompressible pore fluid. The deformation of saturated porous media is now captured in a single, second‐order partial differential equation, where the energy dissipation associated with the flow of the fluid relative to the soil skeleton is represented by a damping term. The paper focuses on the different options to discretize the damping term and its effect on the stability criterion. Based on the eigenvalue analyses of a single element, it is observed that in addition to the CFL stability condition, the influence of the permeability must be included. This paper introduces a permeability‐dependent stability criterion. The findings are illustrated and validated with an example for the dynamic response of a sand deposit. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rainfall infiltration‐derived submarine groundwater discharge from multi‐layered aquifer system terminating at the coastline

This article investigates the quantity of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from a coastal multi‐layered aquifer system in response to constant rainfall infiltration. The system comprises an unconfined aquifer, a leaky confined aquifer and an aquitard between them and terminates at the coastline. An approximate analytical solution is derived based on the following assumptions: (i) flow is horizontal in the aquifers and vertical in the aquitard, and (ii) flow in the unconfined aquifer is described by nonlinear Boussinesq equation. The analytical solution is compared with numerical solutions of the strictly two‐dimensional nonlinear model to validate the model assumptions used for the analytical solution. The SGD from the leaky confined aquifer increases with the inland rainfall infiltration recharge and the specific leakage of aquitard. The maximum SGD ranges from 1·87 to 10·37 m³ per day per meter of shoreline when rainfall infiltration ranges from 18·2 to 182 mm/year and the specific leakage of aquitard varies from 10^?9 to 10^?1 l/day. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山东省优势大地构造相划分初步方案

大地构造相是反映陆块区、造山系和叠加造山-裂谷相系形成演变过程中的一套岩石构造组合,是表达大陆岩石圈板块经历离散、聚合、碰撞、造山等动力学和地质构造作用过程而形成的综合产物。根据优势大地构造相的划分原则与沉积岩、火山岩、侵入岩和变质岩建造构造等特征,山东大地构造相可划分为3个相系（Ⅰ级）、4个大相（Ⅱ级）、17个相（Ⅲ级）和51个亚相（Ⅳ级）。     

区域气候模式不同积云对流参数化方案对新疆气候模拟的影响研究

使用NCEP-FNL全球分析资料作为WRF模式的初始场和边界场,利用该模式中7种积云对流参数化方案对新疆地区进行2006年10月1日至2008年3月1日的模拟积分试验,重点考察模式在水平分辨率为10 km下不同积云对流参数化方案对新疆地区气象要素模拟的敏感性。结果表明:1）采用7种积云对流参数化方案的模式都能较好地模拟出年、雨季总降水量、平均温度的空间分布及大气的垂直结构。2）对于不同区域来说,采用各种积云对流参数化方案的模式都能模拟出候降水及候平均温度随时间演变,模式候降水与观测的相关系数在0.20~0.85之间,而候平均温度与观测的相关系数在0.98以上。对于整个新疆地区来说,采用各方案模式模拟的低层偏干偏冷,大气层结较稳定导致降水较观测偏少,而其中天山地区模式模拟的低层较观测偏湿偏暖,大气层结偏向不稳定导致降水偏多。3）采用新的Grell和Kain-Fritsch（new Eta）方案模式模拟的效果综合来看较好。因此利用WRF模式开展新疆地区数值模拟研究时应该考虑不同积云对流参数化方案适用范围。     

数值预报模式动力框架发展的若干问题综述

作者就大气数值模式动力框架发展的几个问题做了回顾和展望.关于模式地形的处理,讨论了"地形追随"(terrain-following)坐标和"台阶地形"(step-mountain)η坐标的优点、问题和对策.关于物理量守恒格式的构造,回顾了从"瞬时"守恒到隐式、显示和半隐式完全(包括时间离散)守恒格式的发展和近况,介绍了加速非线性全隐式问题迭代收敛的途径.还讨论了半拉格朗日守恒格式的构造问题.最后,对目前广泛使用的全球谱模式,讨论了其长处、局限和发展前景,并简单介绍了谱元方法.     

Application of the Characteristic CIP Method to a Shallow Water Model on the Sphere

Semi-implicit algorithms are popularly used to deal with the gravitational term in numerical models. In this paper, we adopt the method of characteristics to compute the solutions for gravity waves on a sphere directly using a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme instead of the semi-implicit method in a shallow water model, to avoid expensive matrix inversions. Adoption of the semi-Lagrangian scheme renders the numerical model always stable for any Courant number, and which saves CPU time. To illustrate the efficiency of the characteristic constrained interpolation profile (CIP) method, some numerical results are shown for idealized test cases on a sphere in the Yin-Yang grid system.     

WRF单柱模式中单参数方法对热带对流模拟能力的影响

利用耦合Milbrandt 2-mon(MY)双参数微物理方案的WRF中的单柱模式,对TWP-ICE试验(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)期间的个例进行数值模拟和敏感性试验。通过与观测资料和云分辨率模式的模拟结果进行对比发现:MY方案默认的双参数版本和单参数版本均能够再现TWP-ICE期间的热带云系的总体宏观和微观特征。MY方案的双参数版本模拟的降水率的演变特征同观测十分吻合,冰相粒子的微观特征同观测事实较为一致。单参数默认版本的降水率、液态云的构成及冰相粒子微观特征方面同观测事实存在明显差距。然而实际业务应用中单参数方案由于计算量较小应用更为广泛,但模拟效果有待改善。为了使方案保持计算量较为合理的同时具有较好的模拟效果,参考双参数控制试验中的冰相物质的微观特征,尝试对单参数方案中冰相粒子的单参数方法进行改进。冰晶单参数改进试验中虽然对于冰晶数浓度采用两种不同的处理方法,但模拟效果均未明显改善。其中冰云总含量更加接近观测,且冰云构成发生显著变化,主要归因于冰晶有效半径的减小间接削弱了雪和霰的发展。云滴含量的异常增强导致液态水含量比观测偏高约一个量级,暖云异常增厚则与上升运动的增强直接相关。雨水含量明显增强及雨滴有效半径减小综合导致了降水率仅有微弱改善。雪的单参数改进试验中,雪的截距值增加及环境场过饱和条件改善促进了冰云的发展。通过适当调整雪的截距的经验诊断公式,雪的截距、液态水含量以及降水率均得到较好的改善;而指定雪截距为常数的处理方式使液态云更为偏厚,降水率演变细节同观测仍然差异显著。改进试验结果表明,单参数方案中采用适当的经验公式诊断雪的截距的处理方法对改善单参数方案的模拟能力具有一定的可行性。     

东北地区春季冷锋云系降水个例数值模拟及机理研究

本文通过常规天气资料,结合WRF中尺度数值模式,深入研究了2007年5月22～24日一次发生在东北地区的锋面云系降水过程和云宏微观结构特征以及降水产生的物理机制。模拟结果表明冷锋云系降水分布不均匀,锋前中低层有弱的上升气流,云水比含水量较大,雪和霰几乎没有。冷锋过境时,垂直速度迅速增大,中低层有下沉气流,不利于云水形成,出现云水含量几乎没有的干层区,雪水比含水量迅速增加,降水形成应是通过雪和霰的融化过程。处于锋区时,垂直速度和雪比含水量继续增大,降水的形成主要是雪的融化过程。锋后,上升气流迅速减弱,云内雪比含水量减少,降水的形成主要是雪的融化和暖云微物理过程。     

Implementation of turbulent mixing over a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and its impact in a GCM

The effect of a vertical diffusion scheme over a stratocumulus topped boundary layer (STBL) was investigated using the YONU AGCM (Yonsei University Atmospheric General Circulation Model). To consider the impact of clouds on the turbulence production, the turbulence mixing term, driven by radiative cooling at the cloud top, is implemented as an extended non-local diffiusion scheme. In the model with this new scheme, the STBL parameterization significantly influences the lower atmosphere over the tropical and...     

耦合不同陆面方案的WRF模式对2007年7月江淮强降水过程的模拟

利用WRF模式, 分别选用不同陆面参数化方案 (SLAB、 RUC、 NOAH、 UCM) 对2007年7月7～8日的江淮暴雨进行数值模拟试验, 模拟结果的对比分析表明: 虽然主要雨带的基本位置和大致走向受陆面方案的影响并不大, 但是降水强度的分布对陆面物理过程是敏感的, 耦合陆面方案比不耦合陆面方案的模拟效果更接近实况; 不同陆面方案模拟的降水量均较实况偏小, 然而由于考虑的要素和物理过程存在一定差异, 它们对降水的中心落点、 雨量值、 降水日变化、 降水类型以及降水条件的模拟各有所长; 特别值得指出, TRMM资料与4种方案的模拟结果均反映出本次降水日变化过程中夜间的峰值特征, 这是短时降水 (1～3 h) 和持续性降水 (≥6 h) 的综合反映, 而凌晨后的降水则主要由持续性降水造成; 在各种试验的综合比较中, NOAH方案较其他方案的模拟结果显得更稳定与合理, UCM方案针对城市下垫面的模拟有一定优越性。