湿润气候区非均匀地表平均蒸散发率参数化方案研究

从水文过程的物理机制出发,提出湿润气候区平均蒸散发率的一种统计-动力参数化方案.将陆面蒸散发过程的复杂机制分解为地表层裸土及植被两种下垫面的土壤水分饱和区与非饱和区影响下的通量贡献.从理论上推导出考虑土壤含水量次网格尺度非均匀性的区域蒸散率解析表达式.根据湿润气候区土壤水分空间分布PDF的特点,给出适用于湿润气候区的平均蒸散发计算式.以长江三角洲为例进行的数值试验证明其合理性与可行性.     

Product Evaluation for the Control of Chemical Emissions to Indoor Air – 10 Years of Experience with the AgBB Scheme in Germany

Emissions from construction products may have a significant impact on the quality of indoor air, particularly in energy‐efficient buildings, where the normal rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited. In this context, reduction strategies to mitigate the concentration of chemicals in the indoor environment have become even more important. German authorities wanted to foster the development of low‐emission products, and as a result it was necessary to quantify and qualify these emissions in a reliable and objective manner. The core principles for evaluation of the standardized measurements in emission tests were established by the “Committee for Health‐Related Evaluation of Building Products” (AgBB) and published in the so‐called “AgBB scheme”. Relevant for evaluation are: (i) Assessment of the emission levels of substances with known toxicological properties; (ii) limits for non‐assessable or unknown substances; (iii) limits for the total amount of chemical emissions. This review describes the stepwise implementation of the test procedure in Germany and the experience gained in evaluation of product emissions over the years. A comprehensive overview of the philosophy, history, current practices, and future directions of the German AgBB scheme for VOC emissions is also provided. Special emphasis is given to the evaluation of a list of about 170 single substances which have an agreed “lowest concentration of interest” (LCI) value for the indoor environment – values that are updated periodically according to present toxicological knowledge.     

Boundary depletion rate and drawdown in leaky wedge‐shaped aquifers

This study presents analytical solutions of the three‐dimensional groundwater flow to a well in leaky confined and leaky water table wedge‐shaped aquifers. Leaky wedge‐shaped aquifers with and without storage in the aquitard are considered, and both transient and steady‐state drawdown solutions are derived. Unlike the previous solutions of the wedge‐shaped aquifers, the leakages from aquitard are considered in these solutions and unlike similar previous work for leaky aquifers, leakage from aquitards and from the water table are treated as the lower and upper boundary conditions. A special form of finite Fourier transforms is used to transform the z‐coordinate in deriving the solutions. The leakage induced by a partially penetrating pumping well in a wedge‐shaped aquifer depends on aquitard hydraulic parameters, the wedge‐shaped aquifer parameters, as well as the pumping well parameters. We calculate lateral boundary dimensionless flux at a representative line and investigate its sensitivity to the aquitard hydraulic parameters. We also investigate the effects of wedge angle, partial penetration, screen location and piezometer location on the steady‐state dimensionless drawdown for different leakage parameters. Results of our study are presented in the form of dimensionless flux‐dimensionless time and dimensionless drawdown‐leakage parameter type curves. The results are useful for evaluating the relative role of lateral wedge boundaries and leakage source on flow in wedge‐shaped aquifers. This is very useful for water management problems and for assessing groundwater pollution. The presented analytical solutions can also be used in parameter identification and in calculating stream depletion rate and volume. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某核电厂取水隧洞不同设计方案抗震性能分析

本文运用动力时程反应分析方法,针对某百万千瓦级核电厂,利用FLAC3D对其取水隧洞进行了抗震分析,得到了其衬砌内力包络图。针对不同的设计方案,比较NNNN和马蹄形隧洞的优劣性。计算结果表明,圆形隧洞受力优于马蹄形,计算结果可为隧洞抗震分析提供依据。     

甘东南地区震情预警指标模型及方案研究

依据甘东南地区中强以上地震活动及前兆异常特征,分别确定了判定时间、地点和强度的预测指标体系,并对各指标的预测效能进行了评估,据此建立了甘东南地区5~6级地震的中短期预报方案。在此基础上利用层次分析法确定了甘东南地区5级地震的震情指标预警模型。依据预警模型及指标分层结果,将各类定量和定性指标转化为以无量纲的1~4表示的指标值,按成对比较法比较下层各指标两两之间对上层某指标的重要程度,计算权重向量,并对模型的整体层次进行一致性检验。研究结果显示,甘东南地区5级地震的预警值为3.11,依据预警等级划分标准,若满足各项预测指标,则震情预警级别为红色。     

恶性漏失地层堵漏技术研究

井漏不仅是油气井勘探开发中的普遍现象,还是制约井下安全、影响钻井速度的重要因素。本文围绕恶性漏失机理、堵漏处理措施、堵漏材料和堵漏工艺进行了大量的研究,分析了国内外钻井中恶性漏失问题及其提出的处理对策,分析了它们的优势和不足,总结了国内外处理钻井恶性漏失的方法。将近期最新的处理溶洞型漏失的主要技术概括为三大类——聚合物凝胶堵漏技术、化学堵漏技术和水泥堵漏技术。本文还重点介绍了新研制的一种化学凝胶堵漏技术和一种智能凝胶堵漏技术的室内试验和现场应用情况,现场应用成功率高达98%。     

邵武火电厂贮灰坝右岸边坡渗漏机理分析与防治建议

通过对火电厂贮灰坝右岸边坡发生的渗漏原因进行分析,为防止工程产生管涌、滑坡灾害,提出了一个导、减、排、挡相结合的处理方法。     

黔北矿区煤层顶板水平井钻井关键技术

煤层气顶板水平井是解决松软煤层煤层气开发的主要途径之一。针对贵州黔北矿区复杂的地质和储层条件,为解决煤层顶板水平井漏失、井眼轨迹控制和固完井困难等问题,开展并形成了以轨迹精细控制为核心,以防漏堵漏、偏心连通和固完井等技术配合的成套黔北矿区煤层顶板水平井钻井关键技术。结合现场钻井实践,成功解决了水平井钻井施工中诸多问题,钻井周期明显缩短,经济效益明显提高。研究成果为贵州煤层气钻井和开发提供了新途径,也为高瓦斯矿井地面治理开辟了新的方向,具有显著的应用和推广价值。     

表层岩溶裂隙带土壤地表流失/地下漏失室内模拟实验

以表层岩溶裂隙带为研究对象,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,通过控制降雨强度、坡度、裂隙宽度、裂隙产状,研究其对土壤地表流失、地下漏失的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤地表流失主要受降雨强度和坡度的影响,土壤地表流失量随降雨强度的增大而增大、随坡度的增大而增大,30°坡面土壤地表流失量最高。（2）土壤地下漏失主要受裂隙宽度、产状和坡度的影响,对降雨强度的响应不明显;土壤地下漏失量与裂隙宽度大小呈正相关关系,裂隙走向与坡面走向呈30°时最容易发生土壤地下漏失;坡度与土壤地下漏失的发生呈负相关关系;伴随降雨,土壤地下漏失速率变化幅度较大,漏失速率先增加后减小直至停止。无落水洞、漏斗等管道的岩溶坡面土壤流失的主要形式是地表流失,而土壤地下漏失的主要通道是落水洞、漏斗等大型岩溶管道,土壤地下漏失对土壤流失的总贡献率小于5%。     

既地下水采补平衡又冬小麦稳产的探讨

河北省太行山山前平原浅层地下水位持续下降,问题十分突出,然而,该区域又是我国优质冬小麦的重要产区。能否实现在浅层地下水采补平衡的同时做到冬小麦稳产,是该区域水资源保护和农业生产管理工作中亟待回答的重要问题。基于分布式水文模型的模拟结果表明：在该区域若要实现地下水位止降回升这一压采目标,仅利用浅层地下水进行灌溉,冬小麦的产量会减少40%以上。考虑到南水北调中线工程的引水线路自南向北贯穿河北省太行山山前平原,建议在冬小麦关键需水期的灌溉中采用“一水用浅层地下水另一水用南水北调水”的“修改的春浇两水”模式。基于模拟结果的估算表明：在这种限水灌溉模式下有望实现浅层地下水采补基本平衡且冬小麦基本稳产。值得注意的是,这种“修改的春浇两水”模式,需要南水北调中线引水工程每年提供的灌溉水量大约为8.6×108 m3,灌溉成本较纯井灌至少增加562.5～1282.5元/hm2。本研究可为我国最典型的浅层地下水超采区——河北省太行山山前平原探索保产量与节水并举的新路径提供定量化的参考。