空调系统对城市大气温度影响的模拟研究

人为热排放对城市边界层气候效应的影响起着举足轻重的作用。在人为热源的组成中,建筑物内部的能源消耗、热量产生以及室内外热量传输与交换,对于城市热环境的改变有着非常重要的作用。因此,为研究室内空调系统的产热和通过屋顶、墙面、地面进行室内外热量传输扩散,并对室外热环境产生的影响,运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting Model）模式,选取BEP+BEM城市冠层参数化方案,即基于多层城市冠层方案BEP（Building Effect Parameterization）增加室内空调系统影响的建筑物能量模式BEM（Building Energy Model）的方案,以南京2010年8月2—3日,夏季三伏天晴天小风天气作为背景天气进行模拟研究。结果表明,采用WRF模式考虑空调系统室内、外能量交换的BEP+BEM参数化方案,能够更好地模拟出夏季晴天城市近地层气温。当假设空调全天开启时,白天模拟值与观测值吻合较好。夜间温度模拟值高于观测值,在22时—次日00时（北京时）,存在1℃左右的偏差。白天空调系统开启对于城市近地层气温的影响不明显,而夜间使得城市气温普遍升高0.6℃,尤其是在居民区密集的地方,22—23时最大有2℃左右的升温。当调整室内空调目标温度从25℃调至27℃时,空调系统能量总释放量减少12.66%,13—16时温度下降最大,平均约为1℃,建筑物越是密集,温度下降幅度越大。      

区际贸易隐含碳排放转移研究进展与展望

区际贸易隐含碳排放转移是导致区际碳泄漏、碳减排权责失衡等问题的重要原因,对全球碳排放格局及碳减排效果影响重大。研究区际碳转移时空格局演化规律和内在驱动机理,研制针对性碳转移优化调控方案,对提升区域整体碳减排效率和经济生态综合效益,具有重要现实意义,近年来已引起了国内外学者越来越多的关注,逐渐成为区域可持续发展和生态经济研究的热点问题之一。本文对国内外区际碳转移的相关研究成果进行了梳理,重点总结了对中国省际隐含碳转移问题研究的进展和成果应用情况,展望了区际贸易碳转移问题未来研究的方向：进一步重视国际、省际碳排放转移间的协同研究,揭示区际碳排放转移的动态驱动力及驱动机理,探索创新基于共同责任的省际碳转移减排机制等。     

国家城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系构建

近年来,我国城镇突出的生态环境问题受到社会广泛关注,作为生态环境保护工作的重要组成部分,随着城镇化的快速发展,城镇生态环境监测任务也越来越重、要求越来越高,对结合空间信息的天地一体综合监测的需求非常迫切,急需建立其技术体系,以指导城镇生态环境综合监测工作的开展。本文面向城镇生态环境综合监测的需求,从城镇污染气体、水体水质、生态资源3个方面出发,通过梳理城镇生态环境综合监测中的关键科学技术问题,结合开展的关键技术攻关研究,经过分析论证,构建了城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系框架、指标体系框架以及标准体系框架。在此基础上,根据遥感数据特点及国家生态环境监测需求,提出城镇生态环境综合监测业务应用方案,为国家和省市地方下一步有效开展城镇生态环境监测、管理等工作提供重要指导和支撑。     

一个新的全局优化算法在岩土工程反分析中的应用

DCD(dynamic canonical descent)算法是一个新的全局优化算法,运用该法进行优化时,无需考虑目标函数的可微性,只要正确给定优化变量的优化区间,且该区间具有凸性,那么此算法就能很好地收敛于该区间的全局极小点.针对该算法,建立了相应的算法迭代格式.对数值试验和在岩土工程位移反分析的应用中引入该算法的迭代格式进行全局优化反演,其结果表明:该算法稳定性强,优化结果的可靠度高,收敛速度较快.     

A Cloud Detection Scheme for the Chinese Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite(TANSAT)

Cloud detection is an essential preprocessing step for retrieving carbon dioxide from satellite observations of reflected sunlight.During the pre-launch study of the Chinese Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite(TANSAT),a cloud-screening scheme was presented for the Cloud and Aerosol Polarization Imager(CAPI),which only performs measurements in five channels located in the visible to near-infrared regions of the spectrum.The scheme for CAPI,based on previous cloudscreening algorithms,defines a method to regroup individual threshold tests for each pixel in a scene according to the derived clear confidence level.This scheme is proven to be more effective for sensors with few channels.The work relies upon the radiance data from the Visible and Infrared Radiometer(VIRR)onboard the Chinese Feng Yun-3A Polar-orbiting Meteorological Satellite(FY-3A),which uses four wavebands similar to that of CAPI and can serve as a proxy for its measurements.The scheme has been applied to a number of the VIRR scenes over four target areas(desert,snow,ocean,forest)for all seasons.To assess the screening results,comparisons against the cloud-screening product from MODIS are made.The evaluation suggests that the proposed scheme inherits the advantages of schemes described in previous publications and shows improved cloud-screening results.A seasonal analysis reveals that this scheme provides better performance during warmer seasons,except for observations over oceans,where results are much better in colder seasons.     

水平距离和海拔高度对雷达估测降水影响及订正

以石家庄2006—2008年77次降水过程为例,分析了海拔高度和距雷达站水平距离对定量估测降水的影响,给出了估测降水时反射率因子取值的最佳高度以及距离高度订正值。对比了经验公式法和最优化法分别在有无距离高度订正4种情况下的估测效果,依据估测效果,设计了雷达定量估测降水最佳方案:若反射率因子小于30 dBz,则不进行距离高度订正,仅采用最优化法估测降水;若反射率因子大于30 dBz,则首先对反射率因子进行距离高度订正,然后采用最优化法估测降水。实例检验表明,该方案对单站10 mm·h~(-1)以上的强降水、过程降水量和区域降水量估测效果较好。     

有效的正压原始方程拟能守恒保真（拟）谱模式

本工作遵循保真计算原理与方法,对正压原始方程气象传统全球（拟）谱模式方案进行改造,构造了正压原始方程拟能完全守恒（拟）谱模式新型保真计算方案,解决了正压原始方程的（非线性）计算稳定性问题和拟能守恒整体性质保持问题,改进了相应正压原始方程气象传统全球（拟）谱模式方案的计算效能。新型保真方案的数值实验表明,计算实践中,新方案在解决拟能守恒问题的同时,可解决（非线性）计算稳定问题,并在一定条件下可解决非线性计算收敛性问题。进一步的比较数值实验还表明,计算实践中,新型保真计算方案在提高相应气象传统方案的计算精度、     

Deep groundwater circulation and associated methane leakage in the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains

Concern over potential impact of shale gas development on shallow groundwater systems requires greater understanding of crustal scale fluid movement. We examined natural deeply circulating groundwater systems in northeastern British Columbia adjacent to a region of shale gas development, in order to elucidate origin of waters, depths of circulation, and controls on fluid flow. These systems are expressed as thermal springs that occur in the deformed sedimentary rocks of the Liard Basin. Stable isotope data from these springs show that they originate as meteoric water. Although there are no thermal anomalies in the region, outlet temperatures range from 30 to 56 °C, reflecting depth of circulation. Based on aqueous geothermometry and geothermal gradients, circulation depths up to 3.8 km are estimated, demonstrating connection of deep groundwater systems to the surface. Springs are also characterised by leakage of thermogenic gas from deep strata that is partly attenuated by methanotrophic microbial communities in the spring waters. Springs are restricted to anomalous structural features, cross cutting faults, and crests of fault-cored anticlines. On a regional scale they are aligned with the major tectonic features of the Liard Line and Larsen Fault. This suggests that while connection of surface to deep reservoirs is possible, it is rare and restricted to highly deformed geologic units that produce permeable pathways from depth through otherwise thick intervening shale units. Results allow a better understanding of potential for communication between deep shale gas units and shallow aquifer systems.     

WRF模式云微物理参数化方案预报效果分析

利用中尺度模式WRFV3.5中常用的云微物理过程参数化方案,对河南省3次典型强天气过程进行敏感性试验。结果表明:不同微物理方案对过程降水的预报效果存在差异,随着模拟降水量级的增大,各方案之间的差异也随之增大。模拟效果相对较好的方案存在不确定性,在所选过程的模拟中没有哪种云微物理方案明显优于其他方案。相对地,WSM6类冰雹方案在所选的局地干、湿对流过程中能更合理地表现出强降水量级、范围及落区。对于"2007-07-29"卢氏暴雨过程,采用WSM6类冰雹方案的模拟效果最理想,WSM3方案模拟效果次之,Thompson和Lin方案的模拟效果最不理想。对于"2011-06-24"豫西局地强风雹过程,3种相对复杂的微物理方案模拟结果差别不大,相对地,WSM6类冰雹方案模拟效果优于其他方案的,Lin方案的模拟效果相对较差。"2006-06-25"豫西北飑线过程的模拟结果表明,各方案虽不能完美再现飑线的影响时间、范围及其结构特征,但每种方案均有其自身特点且能表现出部分细节特征。相比于WSM6类冰雹方案和Thompson方案,Lin方案模拟结果在影响时段、范围及飑线结构等方面表现得更理想。     

Reflecting on the risks and ethical dilemmas of digital research

As technology continues to evolve, digital methods are increasingly becoming key components of social and cultural geographers’ research toolkits. This paper explores the risky and uncertain dimensions of digital research by reflecting on an adverse ethical event which occurred in research involving young people and online dialogic diaries. Assemblage thinking is used to conceptually frame the data leakage event, the subsequent disruption of confidentiality, and the wide-ranging affects and effects that followed. Three particular issues which are critical for researchers working with digital methodologies to consider are highlighted: the ethical implications of procedural disruption, institutional responses within the neoliberal university, and researcher wellbeing. We conclude by advocating for researchers to continue to push boundaries with digital research but suggest that this needs to be undertaken in an informed way that takes account of the immanent potential for digital disruption.