Progressive Transformation of a Flux Rope to an ICME

The solar wind conditions at one astronomical unit (AU) can be strongly disturbed by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). A subset, called magnetic clouds (MCs), is formed by twisted flux ropes that transport an important amount of magnetic flux and helicity, which is released in CMEs. At 1 AU from the Sun, the magnetic structure of MCs is generally modeled by neglecting their expansion during the spacecraft crossing. However, in some cases, MCs present a significant expansion. We present here an analysis of the huge and significantly expanding MC observed by the Wind spacecraft during 9 – 10 November 2004. This MC was embedded in an ICME. After determining an approximate orientation for the flux rope using the minimum variance method, we obtain a precise orientation of the cloud axis by relating its front and rear magnetic discontinuities using a direct method. This method takes into account the conservation of the azimuthal magnetic flux between the inbound and outbound branches and is valid for a finite impact parameter (i.e., not necessarily a small distance between the spacecraft trajectory and the cloud axis). The MC is also studied using dynamic models with isotropic expansion. We have found (6.2±1.5)×10²⁰ Mx for the axial flux and (78±18)×10²⁰ Mx for the azimuthal flux. Moreover, using the direct method, we find that the ICME is formed by a flux rope (MC) followed by an extended coherent magnetic region. These observations are interpreted by considering the existence of a previously larger flux rope, which partially reconnected with its environment in the front. We estimate that the reconnection process started close to the Sun. These findings imply that the ejected flux rope is progressively peeled by reconnection and transformed to the observed ICME (with a remnant flux rope in the front part).     

Salt Desert and Saline-Ackaline Mixed Dust Storms:An Ignored Issure for Global Climate Change

正Salt desert,saline-alkaline dust storm and saline-alkaline mixed dust storm are significant but ignored problems for a long time.After many years of observations and researches,the author believes that salt desert,saline-alkaline dust     

土壤、大气尘中晶体的组成及其物源指示意义——以长沙、株洲和湘潭地区为例

基于长沙、株洲和湘潭地区大气尘(可吸入颗粒和近地表积尘)和表层土壤的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析数据,采用微量相鉴定方法获得的结果显示,大气尘和表层土壤中包含石英、石膏、方解石、白云石、硫酸镉等自然矿物及SiS_2、NiTi、Cd_3As_2、FeOCl等非自然源晶体。比较了长沙、株洲、湘潭地区大气尘与表层土壤的晶体组成,分析了大气尘矿物及非自然源晶体的空间分布,探讨了其环境指示意义。     

Microscopic Analyses of Insoluble Particles in an Ice Core of ürümqi Glacier No. 1: Quantification of Mineral and Organic Particles

Insoluble particle concentration in ice cores is commonly analyzed as a proxy for varia-tions in atmospheric mineral dust (aerosol concentration). However, recent studies have revealed that the mineral dust is not only a constituent of the particles but that biogenic organic particles are also contained. We microscopically analyzed insoluble particles in a shallow ice core drilled on a mountain glacier, the ürümqi Glacier No. 1, in eastern Tienshan, China. We distinguished different morphologi-cal particles...     

地气测量在内蒙老羊壕金矿区的某些试验成果

以内蒙老羊壕金矿区为试验基地 ,引进抽气法地气测量 ,探讨了地气测量在内蒙干旱荒漠区寻找浅覆盖区隐伏金矿床的有效性。并以试验资料为依据 ,初步探讨了抽气法地气测量中的若干问题 ,指出了抽气法地气测量中存在微尘颗粒干扰。对寻找隐伏金矿床的多元素地气测量 ,采用经 0 .2 2 μm微孔滤膜过滤泡沫塑料吸附为好。已有资料显示可能有超微粒 (接近纳米级 )物质自深部矿体迁移上来     

吉林省南部宇宙尘的化学组成特征

在吉林省南部元古宇石英岩内发现磁性微球粒３９２枚,根据其产状,形貌及一般特征,微结构和化学组成表明为陨石消融型宇宙尘,由４亚４小类组成一个宇宙尘系列,（１）金属球粒;（２）纯铁球粒,（ｂ）ＦＣＮ型（天然不锈钢）球粒;（２）氧化物球粒（ａ）普通铁质宇宙尘（ｂ）铬铁氧化物球粒;（３）玻璃质球粒;（４）氧化物－金属过渡型球粒,其母体要能是一分异的ＦＣＮ型石－铁陨石质陨星体,核部为ＦＣＮ合金,经消融分异作     

纤粒矿物粉尘体外细胞毒性研究

采用体外细胞培养技术,观察兔肺泡巨噬细胞死亡率,用丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量变化、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的活性变化来评价来自１２个矿６床的６种矿物的１２种结晶习性的矿物粉尘的细胞毒性,探讨其使巨噬细胞受损的机制。结果显示：沸石、硅灰石无细胞毒性,而其他的纤维状及片粒状矿物粉尘则表现出不同程度的细胞毒性,说明矿物粉尘的细胞毒性与矿物粉尘的形态有一定关系,但主要由矿物粉尘的特性所决     

Estimating the crush zone size under a cutting tool in coal

Summary As part of an effort to understand the mechanics of fine fragment formation in coal, which is important in studies of respirable dust due to mining, fracture toughness measurements and the strain energy density (SED) theory were applied to calculate the crush zone size under a cutting tool in coal. This zone is the major source of fine fragments in the 1 to 10 µm size range. The model used in these calculations is a boundary element program containing a failure criterion based on the SED theory. The boundary element program calculates linear elastic stresses at numerous points in the coal material ahead of a cutting bit. These stresses are then input to a subroutine called critical flaw length and orientation (CFLO) which uses the SED theory to determine the CFLO for a small crack at the boundary element stress computation point. The extent of crushing is based on earlier postulates about the role of inherent flaws in a fragmentation process. To form 1 to 10 µm fragments requires firstly a local stress strong enough to activate flaws with a characteristic length less than 1 to 10 µm and secondly, a flaw density sufficient to provide an average spacing between flaws also on the order of 1 to 10 µm. The locus of active 10 µm flaws represents the maximum possible extent of fine fragmentation in the 10 µm or less size range assuming that a sufficient inherent flaw density exists. The approach offers a first order approximation to the extent of crushing under a tool tip. The size and shape of the crush zone volume is affected by the attack angle and geometry of the tool.     

长株潭近地表大气尘矿物特征及环境指示意义

通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜/能谱(SEM/EDX)方法对长沙、株洲和湘潭(以下简称长株潭)地区近地表大气尘中矿物成份进行分析研究,结果显示大气尘中含有石英、石膏、方解石、白云石、硫酸镉等23种自然矿物,还含有SiS2、Cadmium Arsenide(Cd3As2)、RhZn、Cr2Nb、NiTi、HfMo2等14种非自然矿物;近地表大气尘矿物形貌特征显示Cd元素主要富集在有矿物颗粒的地方,且呈近浸染状分布,能谱半定量分析,Cd含量可达4%,表明Cd易被吸附在矿物表面。分析长株潭地区大气尘中矿物成份、空间分布特征及其来源,对长株潭城市一体化具有及其重要的环境指导意义。     

宇宙尘似文象结构的图像分析和成因探讨

宇宙尘较广泛地分布于各地质时代和各种岩石中,它形成在不同的物理化学环境下,因此具有比较复杂的结构构造。本文对产于不同时代、不同岩性岩石中具有似文象结构的宇宙尘进行了广泛的研究,一方面研究Si、Al等元素的赋存状态,另一方面研究这些元素与似文象结构的关系,进一步为它们的成因提供信息。