频谱成像技术在稠油热采地震监测中的应用

频谱成像技术可有效的描述地质反射层厚度的非连续性和岩性的非均质性,其在理论上主要是依据薄层反射的调谐原理,过去通常采用以离散傅里叶变换为基础的算法,但是,该方法存在着明显的局限性,因为估算的地震振幅谱的重要特征是所选时窗长度的函数.如果所选时窗过短,振幅谱会与变换窗函数褶积,失去频率的局部化特征,而且过短的时窗会使子波的旁瓣呈现为单一反射的假象.增加时窗长度,会改善频率的分辨率.但如果所选时窗过长,时窗内的多个反射会使振幅谱以槽痕为特征,很难分清单个反射的振幅谱特征.由于在实际运用中,以傅里叶变换相关的算法的时窗问题,难以选择好时窗长度,而且无法定量分析时窗长度产生的偏差,因而会使振幅谱的估算产生偏差.以小波变换为基础的时频分析技术成了非平稳性信号的重要分析工具,在很多实际应用中已取代了傅里叶变换的分析方法.以小波变换为基础的瞬时谱分析技术能得到精确的时频分析结果,同时避免了时窗问题.它反映出了储层在纵向上时间及厚度上变化情况和横向上的地质不连续性的信息,因此能使解释人员快速而有效地描述储层特征的空间变化.     

<Superscript>57</Superscript>Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy,X-ray single-crystal diffractometry,and electronic structure calculations on natural alexandrite

Natural alexandrite Al₂BeO₄:Cr from Malyshevo near Terem Tschanka, Sverdlovsk, Ural, Russia, has been characterized by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microprobe, X-ray single-crystal diffractometry and by electronic structure calculations in order to determine oxidation state and location of iron. The sample contains 0.3 wt% of total iron oxide. The ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectrum can be resolved into three doublets. Two of them with hyperfine parameters typical for octahedrally coordinated high-spin Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺, respectively, are assigned to iron substituting for Al in the octahedral M2-site. The third doublet is attributed to Fe³⁺ in hematite. Electronic structure calculations in the local spin density approximation are in reasonable agreement with experimental data provided that expansion and/or distortion of the coordination octahedra are presumed upon iron substitution. The calculated hyperfine parameters of Fe³⁺ are almost identical for the M1 and M2 positions, but the calculated ligand-field splitting is by far too large for high-spin Fe³⁺ on M1.     

<Superscript>57</Superscript>Fe Mössbauer measurements and electronic structure calculations on natural lawsonites

Three natural lawsonites from Syke Rock, Mendocino Co., Reed Ranch, Marin Co., and Blake Gardens, Sonoma Co., all from the Coast Range Region in California, were studied by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction. The samples contain about 0.6, 1.0, and 1.4 wt% of total iron oxide, respectively. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra are consistent with the assumption that high-spin Fe³⁺ substitutes for Al in the octahedrally coordinated site. The Mössbauer spectrum of lawsonite from Syke Rock exhibits a second doublet with ⁵⁷Fe hyperfine parameters typical for octahedrally coordinated high-spin Fe²⁺. Electronic structure calculations in the local spin density approximation yield quadrupole splittings for Fe³⁺ in quantitative agreement with experiment indicating, however, that substitution of Al by Fe³⁺ must be accompanied by local distortion around the octahedral site. Model calculations also reproduce the room temperature hyperfine parameters of ferrous high-spin iron assuming the substitution of Ca by Fe²⁺. However, it cannot be excluded that Fe²⁺ may occupy a more asymmetric site within the microstructural cavity occupied by Ca and a H₂O molecule.     

Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters for Discrimination of Water Origin in a Hydroelectric Reservoir

Seventeen physical and chemical parameters were obtained from a hydroelectric reservoir located in a tropical region in the south of Brazil. Multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Group Analysis (HGA) were used to identify the parameters discriminating the origin of water from the Tibagi and the Primeiro de Maio River, after it has passed the mixing region. The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in July 2002 and February 2003 at three depths and three sampling sites located 0, 5, and 10 km away from the mixing region. The statistical methods showed to be appropriate for identifying the contribution of each tributary in the water mixing site of a complex water system. The most important discriminating parameter was the absorbance relation A(253 nm)/A(203 nm), followed by the concentrations of Fe(III), Mn(III), and Ni(II). An anthropogenic interference was found in the reservoir due to high Ni(II) and orthophosphate concentrations caused by a nearby town sewage discharge. The interference was more important during the dry periods due to the lower dispersion of the pollutants. Urgent initiatives should be taken from the state government to build treatment stations for the wastewater of the small cities around the Capivara hydroelectric reservoir to prevent the drinking water quality from deteriorating.     

ACTIVE system for monitoring volcanic activity: A case study of the Izu-Oshima Volcano,Central Japan

A system is proposed for the monitoring of changes in the underground structure of an active volcano over time by applying a transient electromagnetic method. The monitoring system is named ACTIVE, which stands for Array of Controlled Transient-electromagnetics for Imaging Volcano Edifice. The system consists of a transmitter dipole used to generate a controlled transient electromagnetic (EM) field and an array of receivers used to measure the vertical component of the transient magnetic field at various distances, with automatic operation of both units. In order to verify the performance of the proposed system, numerical and field experiments were carried out by application of the system to the Izu-Oshima volcano, where a remarkable change in the apparent DC resistivity over time had been detected in association with the eruption in 1986.     

玄武岩内非均质性对地震资料的影响:印度德干圈闭的一个研究实例(英文)

油气勘探需要重新开发玄武岩下目的层的成像技术。我们今天遇到的最重要的问题之一是玄武岩下地震成像。近年来,由于利用长炮检距这个问题部分已经得到解决。然而,由于地表以及玄武岩的内部非均质性引起的复杂波形,近炮检距的资料仍然不能充分地被利用。影响玄武岩下成像的近垂直入射资料对于了解玄武岩层内部结构是十分有用的。对比较均匀的玄武岩目标层可选用转换波。这里我们利用几个合成模型例子重点描述了更接近现实的非均质玄武岩流引起的实际困难。模拟计算了全波地震记录以有助于了解玄武岩内沉积物对地震资料的影响。本文介绍了印度德干圈闭的一个研究实例。首先探讨了夹层沉积物对整个地震成像的影响。其次利用该区声测井资料以反射系数法计算全波场响应与实际地震资料对比, 通过一系列速度-深度剖面探讨了利用模式转换波(顶底玄武岩界面上的P波转化为S波或相反)对印度库奇地区玄武岩下成像的可行性。通过与野外资料相比较证明玄武岩中多个薄层的效应严重恶化我们所要解释和利用的图象的质量。     

地面起伏对成像及雷达景象匹配的影响

景象匹配是飞行器导航与定位的一种重要手段,其中的雷达图像匹配由于具有全天候的特征而受到人们的重视.在分析了实时雷达图像成像方式的基础上,具体分析了地面高程起伏对雷达图像构像的影响,并进一步推导出在实时雷达图像上,图像像点位移与地面高程起伏的具体关系;以及为了保证一定的匹配定位精度,对于实飞地区地面起伏的定量要求.同时还对导航定位匹配所用的参考基准图受地面高程起伏的影响情况进行了定量的分析,并对理论情况和实际图像进行了计算分析与比较,最后得出在给定匹配精度的情况下,生成参考图时对成像区域内点之间的高差限制要求.     

Sagnac型干涉成像光谱仪研制及干涉成像光谱实验

空间调制干涉成像（傅里叶变换）光谱仪（SMIFTS）是一种有重要的研究和应用价值的空间遥感器。依据应用要求和信噪比方程设计并研制了Sagnac型干涉成像（傅里叶变换）光谱仪原理样机。用该样机进行了实验室干涉成像光谱实验，获取了较为清晰的可见光、近红外谱段干涉成像图像。对其中各像元的干涉图进行数据处理和计算，提取出了光谱特征明显的成像光谱图像和与被测图样光谱特征相符的像元光谱。由实测光谱辐射亮度曲线反演计算出的光谱反射曲线与标准仪器测得的图样光谱反射特性曲线进行了比较，结果表明二者对应相似。     

横向各向同性介质中的弹性波方程逆时偏移及其成像条件

作者在本文中导出了在横向各向同性介质情况下，二维弹性波逆时传播的高阶差分格式，实现了弹性波在数值空间中的逆时延拓，从snell定量出发，采用插值法求取网格空间中各点的直达波旅行时，以此作为弹性波逆时偏移的成像条件，实现多波多分量资料的逆时偏移，数值试验表明，逆时偏移能够使地表接收到的波场准确归位，提高资料处理的精度。