木星和土星冰卫星上的撞击坑分布:探寻外太阳系撞击体来源的钥匙

充分认识外太阳系撞击体的来源类型和分布特征,对认识外太阳系固态天体上撞击过程,明确外太阳系天体上的撞击坑生成率和撞击坑定年等诸多方面具有重要的意义.得益于海量高质量探测数据的获取,如今我们对内太阳系主要天体表面的撞击分布和来源已经有了较为深入的了解,但对外太阳系天体的撞击分布和来源还知之甚少.不同大小频率的撞击体会在外...     

一个考虑循环荷载作用的简化模型

基于塑性硬化模量场理论和多重屈服面模型,结合各向同性硬化准则和移动硬化准则,在新的应力空间建立了一个新型不排水循环荷载作用下的多屈服面模型,并推导了一个适合三轴试验的简化的多屈服面模型。在此基础上,结合一个循环荷载作用下的动孔压模型,进行了饱和软黏土的动三轴模拟试验。结果表明,文中建立的多屈服面模型能够较好地模拟循环三轴试验、直剪试验和平面应变条件下的试验。     

Spectral study of the Eunomia asteroid family : I. Eunomia

We present color ratio curves of the S-Asteroid 15 Eunomia, which have been extracted from high-precision photometric lightcurves obtained in three different VNIR wavelength bands at the Bochum Telescope, La Silla. The measured color ratio curves and near infrared spectra were used to derive a detailed surface composition model whose shape has been computed by V-lightcurve inversions. According to this analysis, the asteroid shows on one hemisphere a higher concentration of pyroxene, which causes an increased 440/700 nm and a reduced 940/700 nm reflectance ratio as well as a pronounced 2-μm absorption band. The remaining surface shows a higher concentration of olivine, leading to a reduced 440/700 nm and slightly increased 940/700 nm color ratio. In addition, we found that the maximum of the 440/700 nm color ratio curve coincide with the minimum of the 940/700 nm color ratio curve and vice versa. We demonstrate on the basis of USGS laboratory spectra that this anti-cyclical behavior can be explained by choosing Fe-rich olivine and a pyroxene with moderate Fe content as varying mineral phases. Furthermore, our observations confirm that 15 Eunomia is an irregular elongated and at least partially differentiated body. Previous spectral investigations of several smaller fragments of the Eunomia asteroid family revealed that the amount of fragments showing an increased pyroxene content exceeds the amount of pyroxene-poor fragments (Nathues, 2000, DLR Forschungsbericht, ISSN 1434-8454). This finding together with the observation that the major fraction of Eunomia's surface is enriched in olivine let us claim that a large fraction of the original pyroxene-enriched crust layer has been lost due to a major collision that created the Eunomia asteroid family. Significant spectral evidences, consistent with high concentrations of metals have been found neither in the rotational resolved spectra of 15 Eunomia nor in its fragments. This led to the conclusion that either no core consisting mainly of metals exists or that an eventual one has not been unearthed by the impact.     

Converting local spectral and spatial information from a priori classifiers into contextual knowledge for impervious surface classification

A classification model was demonstrated that explored spectral and spatial contextual information from previously classified neighbors to improve classification of remaining unclassified pixels. The classification was composed by two major steps, the a priori and the a posteriori classifications. The a priori algorithm classified the less difficult image portion. The a posteriori classifier operated on the more challenging image parts and strived to enhance accuracy by converting classified information from the a priori process into specific knowledge. The novelty of this work relies on the substitution of image-wide information with local spectral representations and spatial correlations, in essence classifying each pixel using exclusively neighboring behavior. Furthermore, the a posteriori classifier is a simple and intuitive algorithm, adjusted to perform in a localized setting for the task requirements. A 2001 and a 2006 Landsat scene from Central New York were used to assess the performance on an impervious classification task. The proposed method was compared with a back propagation neural network. Kappa statistic values in the corresponding applicable datasets increased from 18.67 to 24.05 for the 2006 scene, and from 22.92 to 35.76 for the 2001 scene classification, mostly correcting misclassifications between impervious and soil pixels. This finding suggests that simple classifiers have the ability to surpass complex classifiers through incorporation of partial results and an elegant multi-process framework.     

Microbial response to surface microtopography: the role of metabolism in localized mineral dissolution

We examine the role of microtopographical surface features on sulfide minerals in localizing and aligning bacterial adhesion. Experimental data shows strong correlation between bacterial cell alignment and principal crystallographic axes of pyrite (100 and 110). While bacteria often adhere to visible surface imperfections such as scratches, in many cases no associated surface features are visible. Additionally, the size of the surface imperfection does not unambiguously determine its effect in localizing and aligning bacterial cells. We theoretically model bacterial adhesion. We find that the depth of a surface feature such as a scratch is less important than its cross-sectional shape. Surface features that conform to the bacterial shape can strongly alter local bacterial adhesion energies, even with heights of only 10 nm. Hence, small local surface alterations due to bacterial metabolism could strongly affect local adhesion parameters, and may account for the observed bacterial distributions on mineral surfaces.     

Temperature–Humidity Dissimilarity and Heat-to-water-vapour Transport Efficiency Above and Within a Pine Forest Canopy: the Role of the Bowen Ratio

Over the past 15 years atmospheric surface-layer experiments over heterogeneous canopies have shown that the vertical transfer of sensible heat and water vapour exhibit a strong dissimilarity. In particular, the sensible-heat-to-water-vapour transport efficiencies generally exceed unity. One of the main consequences is that evaporation (latent heat flux) computed by the flux-variance method is overestimated, as persistently demonstrated by comparisons with evaporation obtained with the eddy-correlation method. Various authors proposed to take into account the temperature–humidity dissimilarity to extend the applicability of the flux-variance method in order to compute evaporation from non-uniform surfaces. They attempted to connect the sensible-heat-to-water-vapour transport efficiency (λ) to the correlation coefficient between temperature and humidity turbulent fluctuations (R _Tq ). This approach was found to be successful over ‘wet’ surfaces for which λ can be approximated by R _Tq and ‘dry’ surfaces for which λ can be approximated by 1/R _Tq . However, no solution has been proposed until now for intermediate hydrological conditions. We investigated this question using eddy-correlation measurements above and inside a pine forest canopy. For both levels, our data present a strong likeness with previously published results over heterogeneous surfaces. In particular, they confirm that λ is R _Tq in wet conditions and 1/R _Tq in dry conditions. Moreover, we defined the range of the Bowen ratio (Bo) values for which those two approximations are valid (below 0.1 and greater than 1, respectively) and established a relationship between λ, R _Tq and Bo for the intermediate range of Bo. We are confident that this new parameterization will enlarge the applicability of the flux-variance method to all kinds of heterogeneous surfaces in various hydrological conditions     

地下介质三维模型中界面的描述方法

介质模型可分为离散模型和连续模型，离散模型，使用规则网格或不规则网格将空间离散化，网格内介质参数不变，对连续模型，可用解析函数描述，或者由插值方法得到介质参数的空间分布，连续模型的描述，要素之一是界面的描述方法，本文借助计算机图形学和计算机辅助几何设计中发展起来的曲线和曲面技术，使用参数形式的Coons曲面、Bezier曲面、B样条曲面和三角形面片，描述三维地质构造,结合地震勘探采集系统设计的实际需要，给出一种三角形面片的模型描述方案。     

Electrical properties of Titan's surface from Cassini RADAR scatterometer measurements

We report regional-scale low-resolution backscatter images of Titan's surface acquired by the Cassini RADAR scatterometer at a wavelength of 2.18-cm. We find that the average angular dependence of the backscatter from large regions and from specific surface features is consistent with a model composed of a quasi-specular Hagfors term plus a diffuse cosine component. A Gaussian quasi-specular term also fits the data, but less well than the Hagfors term. We derive values for the mean dielectric constant and root-mean-square (rms) slope of the surface from the quasi-specular term, which we ascribe to scattering from the surface interface only. The diffuse term accommodates contributions from volume scattering, multiple scattering, or wavelength-scale near-surface structure. The Hagfors model results imply a surface with regional mean dielectric constants between 1.9 and 3.6 and regional surface roughness that varies between 5.3° and 13.4° in rms-slope. Dielectric constants between 2 and 3 are expected for a surface composed of solid simple hydrocarbons, water ice, or a mixture of both. Smaller dielectric constants, between 1.6 and 1.9, are consistent with liquid hydrocarbons, while larger dielectric constants, near 4.5, may indicate the presence of water-ammonia ice [Lorenz, R.D., 1998. Icarus 136, 344-348] or organic heteropolymers [Thompson, W.R., Squyres, S.W., 1990. Icarus 86, 336-354]. We present backscatter images corrected for angular effects using the model residuals, which show strong features that correspond roughly to those in 0.94-μm ISS images. We model the localized backscatter from specific features to estimate dielectric constant and rms slope when the angular coverage is within the quasi-specular part of the backscatter curve. Only two apparent surface features are scanned with angular coverage sufficient for accurate modeling. Data from the bright albedo feature Quivira suggests a dielectric constant near 2.8 and rms slope near 10.1°. The dark albedo feature Shangri-La is best fit by a Hagfors model with a dielectric constant close to 2.4 and an rms slope near 9.5°. From the modeled backscatter curves, we find the average radar albedo in the same linear (SL) polarization to be near 0.34. We constrain the total-power albedo in order to compare the measurements with available groundbased radar results, which are typically obtained in both senses of circular polarization. We estimate an upper limit of 0.4 on the total-power albedo, a value that is significantly higher than the 0.21 total albedo value measured at 13 cm [Campbell, D., Black, G., Carter, L., Ostro, S., 2003. Science 302, 431-434]. This is consistent with a surface that has more small-scale structure and is thus more reflective at 2-cm than 13-cm. We compare results across overlapping observations and observe that the reduction and analysis are repeatable and consistent. We also confirm the strong correlations between radar and near-infrared images.     

Scattering from a fractal surface: acoustical experiments and comparison with near-nadir models

A homogeneous resin print of the surface of a naturally-fractured granite block with an experimental Hurst exponent H?0.7 is placed in a water tank. An acoustical source insonifies the surface in a near-nadir direction and the backscattered waves are recorded near the source. Such measurements are made at different positions along a profile above the surface in order to obtain the energy spectrum of the mean backscattered wavefield. The wavelength range considered is 0.58?λ?8.72 mm in water. A synthetic energy spectrum is obtained from a model [Shepard and Campbell, Icarus 141 (1999) 156] which represents the rough surface as an ensemble of point scatterers and assumes a single-scattering regime. This model reasonably fits with the experimental spectrum with the largest discrepancies observed for λ<2.5 mm. The fit is improved in the whole wavelength interval by accounting for the long-range topography variations occurring along the averaging profile.     

南京市区不同下垫面对近地层温度影响

利用南京市内设立在4种不同典型下垫面的自动气象观测站逐时温度资料,采用对比分析方法,分析不同下垫面对城市近地层温度的影响.结果表明,城市绿地在日出日落后温度变化最明显,春秋两季温度变化速率超过2℃/h,夏冬两季也可达1.2℃/h,这使得绿地夜晚温度较低;城市水体日出日落后的温度变化速率最小,因而城市水体夜晚温度较高,尤其在春秋两季最为明显;城市中的生活区和校区在日出日落后温度变化速率稍高于城市水体,夜间温度一般高于绿地,低于水体.另外,不同下垫面对城市气温的季节变化也有影响,城市水体秋冬季节温度高,绿地在夏季温度低,使得温度的平均年变化减小;城市生活区和校区温度的季节变化特征与前两者相反.温度年变化在四季转换过程中的不均匀性在不同下垫面上也有不同的特点,在冬半年,城市水体温度的月际变化较大,而绿地月际变化小,夏半年则出现完全相反的情况.