基于开挖的增强型地热系统概述

地热能赋存于地球内部岩土体、流体和岩浆体中,是一种永久的、可再生的、储量丰富的清洁能源。地热能的开发,尤其是干热岩的开发利用,有可能成为解决人类未来能源危机的重要途径。目前采用的干热岩开采方法被称为增强型地热系统(EGS)。热储地质环境的复杂性和水力化措施对天然裂隙的依赖性,造成多数的EGS项目存在热储体积和换热面积不足、工质流量小、终端温度低,以及诱发地震风险等局限性,致使干热岩开发始终未能大规模商业化。基于开挖的增强型地热系统(EGS-E)的提出为突破传统EGS的技术弊端和规模局限提供了新思路。文章在其概念模型的基础上,从系统原理、工程构想、技术优势等方面对EGS-E进行了更详尽的阐述。EGS-E采用开挖、爆破、崩落等采矿技术,形成了独特的热储致裂系统和热能交换系统,能够大幅度降低地质环境对热储质量的限制,具备构建定制的热储空间、形成充足的换热面积,维持稳定的工质流量与温度及减少诱发地震风险等优势,为干热岩开发的商业化提供了新的解决方案。     

Micro-seismic Event Detection of Hot Dry Rock based on the Gated Recurrent Unit Model and a Support Vector Machine

Micro-seismic monitoring is one of the most critical technologies that guide hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock resource development. Micro-seismic monitoring requires high precision detection of micro-seismic events with a low signal-to-noise ratio. Because of this requirement, we propose a recurrent neural network model named gated recurrent unit and support vector machine (GRU_SVM). The proposed model ensures high accuracy while reducing the parameter number and hardware requirement in the training process. Since micro-seismic events in hot dry rock produce large wave amplitudes and strong vibrations, it is difficult to reverse the onset of each individual event. In this study, we utilize a support vector machine (SVM) as a classifier to improve the micro-seismic event detection accuracy. To validate the methodology, we compare the simulation results of the short-term-average to the long-term-average (STA/LTA) method with GRU_SVM method by using hot dry rock micro-seismic event data in Qinghai Province, China. Our proposed method has an accuracy of about 95% for identifying micro-seismic events with low signal-to-noise ratios. By ignoring smaller micro-seismic events, the detection procedure can be processed more efficiently, which is able to provide a real-time observation on the types of hydraulic fracturing in the reservoirs.     

螺杆马达复合钻进在川西南幸福1井的应用

本文主要论述了川西南片区沐川县实施一口温泉井钻探,在钻进至软硬砂泥岩互层的须家河组时,出现时效缓慢、孔内事故频发等问题,采用了螺杆马达复合钻进工艺,提高了钻进效率,取得了良好的经济效益。对今后在该地区大口径深孔钻探施工具有一定的参考意义。     

四川康定温泉系统深源CO2释放研究

根据水化学分析和稳定碳同位素的测试数据,本文计算了四川康定温泉热水和热储的ＣＯ２含量和深源ＣＯ２的释放量,探讨了热水中ＣＯ２的成因。温泉热水中ＣＯ２含量最高为１８４０．１６ｍｇ／Ｌ,平均为１０６０．５３ｍｇ／Ｌ,属于富含深源ＣＯ２的温泉系统。热水和ＣＯ２气的碳同位素揭示深源ＣＯ２的成因为幔源和碳酸盐岩变质脱气以及两者的混合。康定１２个温泉深源ＣＯ２的排出量为１７６６．４３ｔ／ａ,其中至少４０％呈气     

青海省共和县恰卜恰干热岩体地热地质特征

基于地热地质、综合地球物理勘查成果等布孔依据,实施的GR1干热岩勘探孔位于共和县恰卜恰干热岩体中南部,是迄今我国钻遇地层温度最高的干热岩勘探孔,为我国首个EGS示范工程与科研试验平台建设奠定了基础。GR1孔测温结果表明,2500 m深处温度为150℃,进入干热岩段;终孔深度3705 m处的井底温度为236℃。2500~3705 m井段平均地温梯度为71.4℃/km,高于另3眼干热岩勘探孔;2800~3705 m井段地温梯度大于80℃/km,属中等品质以上干热岩。综合地球物理勘查与4眼干热岩勘探孔钻探结果表明,该干热岩体埋深2104.31~2500 m,面积246.90 km²;干热岩资源评价结果表明,3~5 km深度范围,100年内的潜在发电装机容量为3805.74 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为76.11 MW;3~6 km潜在装机容量为7788.26 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为155.77MW;3~7 km潜在装机容量为13639.25 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为272.79 MW。     

粗粒沉积及其储层表征的发展历程与热点问题探讨*

随着全球化石能源消费的不断增长,常规砂岩与碳酸盐岩大中型油气田的勘探举步维艰,砂砾岩这种粗粒沉积的特殊油气藏再次走进勘探家的视野。近年来,中国砂砾岩储集层展现出巨大的油气潜力,尤其是新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖大型砾岩油藏的发现,亟待开展针对性的研究。作者梳理了全球粗粒沉积研究的发展历程,将其划分为: 概念形成的萌芽(1885-1947)、成因分析的快速发展(1948-1987)以及理论形成的工业应用(1988至今)3个主要阶段,每个阶段均表现为科学家对粗粒沉积的热点与瓶颈问题进行了聚焦分析与探讨,由实际现象或油气田的发现引发出问题,开展成因探讨,形成理论后再指导实践的科学发展过程。综合每个阶段的研究主题以及代表性文章和事件,并结合作者长期研究过程中的思考,提出了当前粗粒沉积所面临的关键性热点问题与今后研究方向的建议,主要包括: 古地形特征与坡度、沉积成因机制、相带与微相划分、水槽模拟实验、砾岩成岩作用、测井解释瓶颈、地震处理与解释以及定量地质知识库建立的需求等。     

唐山地区3～4 km深部地应力测量及断层稳定性分析

地应力大小和方向是干热岩开发中注采井网部署、水力压裂设计和诱发地震评估等方面的重要基础数据。本文利用非弹性应变恢复(ASR)地应力测试方法,实测获取了唐山市乐亭县马头营干热岩勘探区3～4 km深度范围的地应力状态。研究结果表明:(1)地应力量值随深度增加而加大,3139～3934 m深度范围内水平最小主应力介于59.0～90.7 MPa之间,水平最大主应力介于103.7～123.6 MPa之间。水平最大主应力方向介于N83°～114°E之间。(2)三向主应力总体表现为σ_H>σ_v>σ_h,表明研究区3～4 km深度构造应力占主导地位,该应力状态有利于走滑断层活动。(3)利用摩尔-库伦准则对邻区断层的稳定性进行分析,结果表明研究区3～4 km深度范围内的断层总体处于稳定的应力环境。(4)干热岩注水开发与断层稳定性分析表明,在统一的区域地应力场作用下,研究区3900～4000 m干热岩注水开发过程中,当地面持续注入压力达到或超过约28 MPa时,可能引起场区内断层的滑动失稳,导致中小地震的发生,在干热岩开发利用中需注...     

Remote sensing-based geostatistical hot spot analysis of Urban Heat Islands in Dhaka,Bangladesh

Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to a phenomenon whereby urban areas experience higher temperatures compared to the surrounding areas. Remote sensing-based Land Surface Temperature (LST) measurements can be utilized to measure UHI. This study emphasized on geostatistical remote sensing-based hot spot analysis ($G_i^{*}$) of UHI in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a way of examining the influences of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) on UHI from 1991 to 2015. Landsat 5 and 7 satellite-based remote sensing indices were used to explore LULC, UHI and environmental footprints during the study period. The Urban Compactness Ratio (C_oR) was used to calculate the urban form and augmented characteristics. The Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) intensity (ΔT) was also used to explore the effects of UHI on the surrounding marginal area. Based on our investigations into LULC, we discovered that around 71.34 per cent of water bodies and 71.82 percent of vegetation cover decreased from 1991 to 2015 in Dhaka city. Contrastingly, according to C_oR readings, 174.13 km² of urban areas expanded by 249.77 per cent. Our hot spot analysis also revealed that there was a 93.73 per cent increase in hot concentration zones. Furthermore, the average temperature of the study area had increased by 3.26°C. We hope that the methods and results of this study can contribute to further research on urban climate.     

Spot modelling of the flare M4.5 dwarf YZ CMi

We report on a photometric study of the flareM4.5 dwarf YZ CMi as based on photoelectric observations from the seasons 1972/73, 1979/80 and 1996/97. We suggest spot activity to explain the light and colour curves. Spots are generally 500K cooler than the surrounding photosphere and there are basically two solutions available for the observations: high latitude spot changing slightly basic properties such as radius and latitude or active near‐equatorial (belt‐like) centers represented by three spots. However, the activity centers changed in longitudes (∼180°). The typical spot coverage (inclination i = 60°) is 10‐15% and 5% for the season 1996/97 or ∼25% for the stellar inclination i = 75°. As a by‐product, V curve and (V‐I) and (V‐K) indexes turn out to be most promising in modelling of M‐type stars as far as present calibrations are concerned. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

刚果盆地西南部白垩纪蒸发岩矿物与古环境特征

刚果(布)西南部布谷马西地区属于热带雨林气候,拥有非洲大陆西部边缘重要的白垩纪钾盐矿床,属于典型的裂谷成钾盆地。经矿物学研究表明,主要的蒸发岩矿物类型为石盐、光卤石、钾石盐、水氯镁石、溢晶石、石膏、硬石膏等。蒸发岩矿物沉积序列为石膏、硬石膏(多数旋回缺失)→石盐→光卤石→钾石盐(次生)→溢晶石或水氯镁石。通过蒸发岩矿物沉积特征和微量元素的分析认为,在白垩纪时期布谷马西地区处于长期的高温干旱环境,有利于卤水蒸发、浓缩而形成盐类矿物沉积。