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211.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2014,346(5-6):130-139
The Earth's core is constituted of iron and nickel alloyed with lighter elements. In view of their affinity with the metallic phase, their relative high abundance in the solar system and their moderate volatility, a list of potential light elements have been established, including sulfur, silicon and oxygen. We will review the effects of these elements on different aspects of Fe–X high pressure phase diagrams under Earth's core conditions, such as melting temperature depression, solid–liquid partitioning during crystallization, and crystalline structure of the solid phases. Once extrapolated to the inner–outer core boundary, these petrological properties can be used to constrain the Earth's core properties. 相似文献
212.
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214.
本文采用二维三分量耗散MHD模型,对带高电流层的局地非对称的四极无力场的磁能释放过程进行数值模拟,结果表明,磁能释放过程大体可以分为两个阶段:高电流层引起的异常电阻耗散使该层等离子体加热至3×106K的高温,形成一高温环;在高电流层耗散的触发下,磁分隔面的电流急剧增长并爆发异常电阻耗散和磁场重联,导致耀斑发生,主要的能量释放发生在磁分隔线和高剪切无力场中的磁分隔面上,等离子体温度可以达到1.9×107K。上述无力场的触发释能过程可能是太阳耀斑的一种重要的释能机制。 相似文献
215.
This paper concerns analysis of the impact of construction of urban tunnels on adjacent pile foundations. It is carried out using an elastoplastic three‐dimensional finite element modelling. Numerical simulations are performed in two stages, which concern, respectively, the application of the pile axial loading and the construction of the tunnel in presence of the pile foundations. Analysis is carried out for both single piles and groups of piles. Results of numerical simulations show that tunneling induces significant internal forces in adjacent piles. The distribution of internal forces depends mainly on the position of the pile tip regarding the tunnel horizontal axis and the distance of the pile axis from the centre of the tunnel. Analysis of the interaction between tunneling and a group of piles reveals a positive group effect with a high reduction of the internal forces in rear piles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
216.
A method is proposed for constructing a map of the electron density distribution in the galactic plane. Data on the dispersion
measures DM of more than 1500 pulsars and their distances, found by an independent method, are used. The independent distances
of the pulsars are estimated using an empirical relation of the form L=γP
α
Ṗ
β
W
δ between the radio luminosity L of the pulsars and their periods P, the rate of change Ṗ. of their periods, and the half width W of their pulses. A map of the electron density distribution in the galactic plane
within a ±400 pc layer is provided.
__________
Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 277–287 (May 2006). 相似文献
217.
Shiro Kohshima Nozomu Takeuchi Jun Uetake Takayuki Shiraiwa Ryu Uemura Naohiro Yoshida Sumito Matoba Maria Angelica Godoi 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,59(1-4):236
Snow algae in a 45.97-m-long ice core from the Tyndall Glacier (50°59′05″S, 73°31′12″W, 1756 m a.s.l.) in the Southern Patagonian Icefield were examined for potential use in ice core dating and estimation of the net accumulation rate. The core was subjected to visual stratigraphic observation and bulk density measurements in the field, and later to analyses of snow algal biomass, water isotopes (18O, D), and major dissolved ions. The ice core contained many algal cells that belonged to two species of snow algae growing in the snow near the surface: Chloromonas sp. and an unknown green algal species. Algal biomass and major dissolved ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−) exhibited rapid decreases in the upper 3 m, probably owing to melt water elution and/or decomposition of algal cells. However, seasonal cycles were still found for the snow algal biomass, 18O, D-excess, and major ions, although the amplitudes of the cycles decreased with depth. Supposing that the layers with almost no snow algae were the winter layers without the melt water essential to algal growth, we estimated that the net accumulation rate at this location was 12.9 m a− 1 from winter 1998 to winter 1999, and 5.1 m from the beginning of winter to December 1999. These estimates are similar to the values estimated from the peaks of 18O (17.8 m a− 1 from summer 1998 to summer 1999 and 11.0 m from summer to December 1999) and those of D-excess (14.7 m a− 1 from fall 1998 to fall 1999 and 8.6 m a− 1 from fall to December 1999). These values are much higher than those obtained by past ice core studies in Patagonia, but are of the same order of magnitude as those predicted from various observations at ablation areas of Patagonian glaciers. 相似文献
218.
Brent V. Alloway David J. Lowe David J. A. Barrell Rewi M. Newnham Peter C. Almond Paul C. Augustinus Nancy A. N. Bertler Lionel Carter Nicola J. Litchfield Matt S. McGlone Jamie Shulmeister Marcus J. Vandergoes Paul W. Williams NZ‐INTIMATE members 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(1):9-35
It is widely recognised that the acquisition of high‐resolution palaeoclimate records from southern mid‐latitude sites is essential for establishing a coherent picture of inter‐hemispheric climate change and for better understanding of the role of Antarctic climate dynamics in the global climate system. New Zealand is considered to be a sensitive monitor of climate change because it is one of a few sizeable landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere westerly circulation zone, a critical transition zone between subtropical and Antarctic influences. New Zealand has mountainous axial ranges that amplify the climate signals and, consequently, the environmental gradients are highly sensitive to subtle changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Since 1995, INTIMATE has, through a series of international workshops, sought ways to improve procedures for establishing the precise ages of climate events, and to correlate them with high precision, for the last 30 000 calendar years. The NZ‐INTIMATE project commenced in late 2003, and has involved virtually the entire New Zealand palaeoclimate community. Its aim is to develop an event stratigraphy for the New Zealand region over the past 30 000 years, and to reconcile these events against the established climatostratigraphy of the last glacial cycle which has largely been developed from Northern Hemisphere records (e.g. Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Termination I, Younger Dryas). An initial outcome of NZ‐INTIMATE has been the identification of a series of well‐dated, high‐resolution onshore and offshore proxy records from a variety of latitudes and elevations on a common calendar timescale from 30 000 cal. yr BP to the present day. High‐resolution records for the last glacial coldest period (LGCP) (including the LGM sensu stricto) and last glacial–interglacial transition (LGIT) from Auckland maars, Kaipo and Otamangakau wetlands on eastern and central North Island, marine core MD97‐2121 east of southern North Island, speleothems on northwest South Island, Okarito wetland on southwestern South Island, are presented. Discontinuous (fragmentary) records comprising compilations of glacial sequences, fluvial sequences, loess accumulation, and aeolian quartz accumulation in an andesitic terrain are described. Comparisons with ice‐core records from Antarctica (EPICA Dome C) and Greenland (GISP2) are discussed. A major advantage immediately evident from these records apart from the speleothem record, is that they are linked precisely by one or more tephra layers. Based on these New Zealand terrestrial and marine records, a reasonably coherent, regionally applicable, sequence of climatically linked stratigraphic events over the past 30 000 cal. yr is emerging. Three major climate events are recognised: (1) LGCP beginning at ca. 28 000 cal. yr BP, ending at Termination I, ca. 18 000 cal. yr BP, and including a warmer and more variable phase between ca. 27 000 and 21 000 cal. yr BP, (2) LGIT between ca. 18 000 and 11 600 cal. yr BP, including a Lateglacial warm period from ca. 14 800 to 13 500 cal. yr BP and a Lateglacial climate reversal between ca. 13 500 and 11 600 cal. yr BP, and (3) Holocene interglacial conditions, with two phases of greatest warmth between ca. 11 600 and 10 800 cal. yr BP and from ca. 6 800 to 6 500 cal. yr BP. Some key boundaries coincide with volcanic tephras. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
219.
The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation. 相似文献
220.
在天然气水合物岩心样品的带压转移过程中,岩心衬管抓捕装置是实现样品转移的关键。岩心抓取是在岩心管内进行,属于非可视化操作过程,同时岩心样品和抓捕器都处于高压液体中,岩心衬管与岩心管之间的间隙非常小,要保证岩心样品的原位状态,对岩心抓捕装置的结构设计、精准定位、快速抓取和释放都有很高的要求。根据该装置所需实现的抓取、拖动、定位和释放功能,设计挂盘自锁和触碰解锁机构,探针抓取衬管,经过室内抓捕实验,该机构可以顺利抓捕和解卡,其结构简单,能在压力状态下进行岩心转移,加快了天然气水合物样品的带压转移装置的研究进展。 相似文献