Site effect on vulnerability of high-rise shear wall buildings under near and far field earthquakes

Worldwide experience repeatedly shows that damages in structures caused by earthquakes are highly dependent on site condition and epicentral distance. In this paper, a 21-storey shear wall-structure built in the 1960s in Hong Kong is selected as an example to investigate these two effects. Under various design earthquake intensities and for various site conditions, the fragility curves or damage probability matrix of such building is quantified in terms of the ductility factor, which is estimated from the ratio of storey yield shear to the inter-storey seismic shear. For high-rise buildings, a higher probability of damage is obtained for a softer site condition, and damage is more severe for far field earthquakes than for near field earthquakes. For earthquake intensity of VIII, the probability of complete collapse (P) increases from 1 to 24% for near field earthquakes and from 1 to 41% for far field earthquakes if the building is moved form a rock site to a site consisting a 80 m thick soft clay. For intensity IX, P increases from 6 to 69% for near field earthquake and from 14 to 79% for far field earthquake if the building is again moved form rock site to soft soil site. Therefore, site effect is very important and not to be neglected. Similar site and epicentral effects should also be expected for other types of high-rise structures.     

Analyzing the capability of a radio telescope in a bistatic space debris observation system

A bistatic space debris observation system using a radio telescope as the receiving part is introduced. The detection capability of the system at different working frequencies is analyzed based on real instruments. The detection range of targets with a fixed radar cross section and the detection ability of small space debris at a fixed range are discussed. The simulations of this particular observation system at different transmitting powers are also implemented and the detection capability is discussed. The simulated results approximately match the actual experiments. The analysis in this paper provides a theoretical basis for developing a space debris observation system that can be built in China.     

基于弹性力学的诱导劈裂注浆机制分析

针对隧道内水平超前劈裂注浆中浆液劈裂方向随机性的问题,提出一种诱导劈裂注浆方法,可以控制和改变浆液的劈裂方向。首先,基于弹性力学理论及其基本假定,分析竖向地应力大于水平地应力条件下对单一土层进行劈裂注浆时浆液沿竖向劈裂的力学机制,在此基础上探讨改变浆液劈裂方向为水平劈裂的必要性和诱导方法,并从应力集中的角度分析诱导劈裂注浆的力学机制;其次,采用有限元法研究注浆孔孔周劈裂方向控制点的应力随侧向压力系数和诱导孔与注浆孔间距变化而变化的情况,得出实现诱导劈裂注浆时两孔间距及侧向压力系数应满足的条件,并拟合两孔间距临界值的计算公式。结果表明：在离注浆孔上、下方4倍注浆孔径以内对称布设诱导孔,改变了注浆孔孔周劈裂方向控制点的应力场。当两孔间距小于实现诱导的临界距离值时,注浆孔孔周控制点的应力大小发生转换,浆液的劈裂方向发生改变,将沿水平方向劈裂。诱导孔与注浆孔间距的临界值会随着侧向压力系数的增大而逐渐增大。     

1912—1949年中国地理学者的发展特征分析

本文基于多种资料,梳理了1912—1949年中国地理学者姓名、生卒年、籍贯、领域、教育与工作经历等数据,从来源、增长、结构3个层面讨论当时中国地理学者发展进程。研究发现1912—1949年间：① 地理学者在来源层面可分舆地学者、外聘地理学者、现代学制培养地理学者（含有交集关系的国内培养学者、留学培养学者、跨学科学者）3种类型,不同类型群体对地理学者发展的影响差异明显;② 地理学者数量发展可分1912—1927年波动增长,1928—1939年持续增长,1940—1941年急速增长和1942—1949年放缓增长4个时期;③ 中国地理学者学科结构、领域结构、学缘结构、地域结构、年龄结构、性别结构等方面均表现为失衡但失衡程度趋于降低的态势;④ 地理学者发展与地理教学、研究机构发展关系密切,特别是高等地理教学机构对地理学者发展有多重影响。1912—1949年中国地理学者的发展为中国科学地理学的持续进步奠定了人才基础,其过程同时是中国近现代地理学转型的一个侧面。     

Benthic macrophytes as a tool for delineating, monitoring and assessing ecological status: the case of Slovenian coastal waters

Benthic macrophytes from 51 sites in the upper infralittoral zone along the Slovenian rocky coast were sampled (randomly stratified) in order to (1) confirm water body (WB) boundaries, (2) select sampling points for a surveillance monitoring programme, and (3) assess preliminary Ecological Status Classes (ESC) within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Coverage data of macrophytes were analyzed by using cluster analysis, Simper analysis and the Ecological Evaluation Index (EEI). The vegetation was rather homogenously classified into two Cystoseiretum crinitae subassociations: Halopithetosum incurvae, and Cystoseiretosum compressae, and into Cystoseiretum barbatae association. Seven monitoring sites at a kilometer scale were selected in two significant sized WBs following the mixing zone principle and the EEI successional model. The preliminary assessment of the ESC with the EEI was in agreement with existing human pressures in the area. In view of the present results, benthic macrophytes and EEI could be valuable tools for the implementation of the WFD within the Mediterranean eco-region.     

Experimental validation of semi‐active resetable actuators in a ⅕th scale test structure

The seismic performance of a test structure fitted with semi‐active resetable devices is experimentally investigated. Shaking table tests are conducted on a ?th scale four‐storey building using 27 earthquake records at different intensity scalings. Different resetable device control laws result in unique hysteretic responses from the devices and thus the structure. This device adaptability enables manipulation or sculpting of the overall hysteresis response of the structure to address specific structural cases and types. The response metrics are presented as maximum 3rd floor acceleration and displacement, and the total base shear. The devices reduce all the response metrics compared with the uncontrolled case and a fail‐safe surrogate. Cumulative probability functions allow comparison between different control laws and additionally allow tradeoffs in design to be rapidly assessed. Ease of changing the control law in real‐time during an earthquake record further improves the adaptability of the system to obtain the optimum device response for the input motion and structural type. The findings are an important step to realizing full‐scale structural control with customized semi‐active hysteretic behaviour using these novel resetable device designs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长偶极大功率可控源激励下目标体电性参数的频率响应

利用三维（3D）全空间积分方程准线性解作为数值模拟手段,对包含电离层、大气层和地球介质层的“地-电离层”典型异常目标体多层介质模型进行了数值模拟,得到了偶极源长度100 km、电流200 A、收发距离远达1600 km的合理的异常电性目标体的电阻率-频率响应结果.通过对不同埋深异常目标体的电阻率-频率特征的讨论,认为当考虑电离层和大气层的“地-电离层”大尺度深层横向不均匀复杂介质模拟时,电磁场对深部目标体仍有很好的异常响应,但当异常体电阻率及同一电阻率的岩石埋深不同时,其电阻率-频率的响应特征有很大不同,这正反映了不同岩石物性参数的电阻率-频率响应特征.文中结果表明从长偶极大功率源（WEM）激励的电磁场观测资料区分岩石的电阻率参数是可能的,这为利用WEM观测资料建立电性参数和岩石/地层参数经验关系奠定了基础.     

由能量分配原理探讨滑移弱化与视应力的关系

按照震源地震波能量辐射原理,在断层面上任意一点由破裂或滑动而产生的地震波能量ES、地震矩M0及相应的视应力sigma;a都应大于零．在近期研究中发现Poldo等在震源参数反演求取断层面上临界滑动弱化距离Dc所采用的视应力约束方程出现了ldquo;视应力取值小于零rdquo;的情形,其负值被解释为对地震波辐射能无贡献的耗散能,可合并至破裂能部分。数学上的表述并未影响到反演结果,但从能量守恒观点上讲,这样的表述是不准确的．进一步讲,由此表述所求得的辐射能量ES大于由能量分配原理所得结果. 根据能量分配准则,指出出现负值视应力是不合适的,并给出了表述视应力随断层滑移过程变化的替代方法,同时提供了求解临界滑动弱化距离Dc的正确途径．