黑龙江多宝山——大新屯地区铜金多金属成矿作用及找矿方向

黑龙江省多宝山—大新屯地区,铜矿以中—晚加里东期多宝山式斑岩型、燕山早期三矿沟式矽卡岩型为主,晚古生界海底火山岩有关喷发—沉积型铜锌矿床,具优越的成矿潜力,不同时期、类型铜矿床在空间分布上明显受古生代海相火山岩—碳酸盐岩建造控制,并具有"上金下铜"的斑岩—热液型铜金矿成矿系统的特征。金矿以燕山晚期三道湾子式浅成低温热液型金成矿作用强烈为特点;持续时间由早石炭世—早—中侏罗世的韧性剪切—走滑作用、中侏罗世为主要伸展期的变质核杂岩有关的金成矿作用,以及奥陶纪浊积岩(卡林型)有关金成矿作用,以中—小规模金矿床(点)为主;金矿受北西向、北东向的火山构造、变质核杂岩构造和韧性剪切—走滑作用控制,显示出良好的金找矿前景;结合近期的铜金矿重大勘查进展和成果,总结成矿规律,梳理了制约着铜金多金属矿找矿突破的关键地质问题,提出找矿方向和今后勘查工作部署建议。     

极地海区等距离正圆柱投影平面上等角航线的展绘方法

墨卡托投影由于其纬度渐长的特性导致在极地海区投影存在严重的长度变形,无法在南北纬80°以外高纬度海区航海图中较好地应用。将长度变形程度明显低于墨卡托投影的等距离正圆柱投影作为极地海区的海图投影,研究了该投影平面中等角航线在极地海区的展绘方法。建立了等距离正圆柱投影平面上等角航线方程并对其曲率进行了分析,推导了绘制一般曲线形态的"以直代曲"公式;最后提出了一种可满足给定精度要求的等角航线展绘算法。实验结果表明:该算法简单易行,可在海图编绘规范规定的误差范围内,实现等角航线的精确展绘。     

基于SLM模型的中国碳排放格网化空间分布模拟

以美国橡树岭国家实验室二氧化碳信息分析中心的中国碳排放数据、统计年鉴中的分省化石能源消费与水泥产量数据为基础,选取NDVI植被指数、DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据、GDP、工业总产值、人口5个指标,对中国2000年及2010年的分省碳排放结果采用5km×5km格网,运用空间滞后回归模型(SLM)进行空间分布模拟,并对空间模拟结果进行误差分析及纠正,获得2000年及2010年地均碳排放强度空间分布图。结果表明,中国地均碳排放强度存在以下特征:区域差异分布特征明显,主要表现为从东部地区向中西部地区逐渐变小;存在几个明显高值热点及低值冷点区域;随着时间的推移,地域差异特征越发明显,冷点和热点区域分布特征更加显著;2010年各地区地均碳排放强度明显大于2000年。     

The shape of the radio wavefront of extensive air showers as measured with LOFAR

Extensive air showers, induced by high energy cosmic rays impinging on the Earth’s atmosphere, produce radio emission that is measured with the LOFAR radio telescope. As the emission comes from a finite distance of a few kilometers, the incident wavefront is non-planar. A spherical, conical or hyperbolic shape of the wavefront has been proposed, but measurements of individual air showers have been inconclusive so far. For a selected high-quality sample of 161 measured extensive air showers, we have reconstructed the wavefront by measuring pulse arrival times to sub-nanosecond precision in 200 to 350 individual antennas. For each measured air shower, we have fitted a conical, spherical, and hyperboloid shape to the arrival times. The fit quality and a likelihood analysis show that a hyperboloid is the best parameterization. Using a non-planar wavefront shape gives an improved angular resolution, when reconstructing the shower arrival direction. Furthermore, a dependence of the wavefront shape on the shower geometry can be seen. This suggests that it will be possible to use a wavefront shape analysis to get an additional handle on the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, which is sensitive to the mass of the primary particle.     

射电天文台址电子设备电磁辐射评估

射电望远镜具有极高的系统灵敏度,且系统内、系统间及台址内电子设备众多,电磁环境复杂,科学合理地评估台址内电子设备辐射发射对射电天文观测的影响,对系统电磁兼容性设计、无线电管理、屏蔽改造等有重要的指导意义。浅析了射电望远镜系统灵敏度及射电天文领域仪器设备辐射发射相关评估标准;基于射电望远镜系统灵敏度及观测需求,计算了南山25 m射电望远镜馈源口面干扰电平限值,并给出了天线旁瓣增益的计算方法;提出一种基于干扰电平限值、旁瓣增益、干扰测量、路径衰减的电子设备电磁辐射评估方法,并针对南山25 m射电望远镜天线驱动电磁辐射进行了评估,给出了屏蔽需求。     

Detection of solar neutron events and their theoretical approach

Solar neutron events provide important opportunities to explore particle acceleration mechanisms using data from ground-based detectors and spacecrafts. Energetic neutrons carry crucial physics information of the acceleration site, such as energy spectrum, atmospheric elements of solar flare, scale height, convergence of the magnetic field and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Here 12 representative solar neutron events observed on the Earth, together with X and γ-ray observations from spacecrafts are presented. Theoretical approaches on solar neutrons that are carried out mainly through the Monte Carlo simulation are compared with the observation data, and the constraints of different theoretical models on the observations are to be summarized.     

Trend and Interannual Variability of Chinese Air Pollution since 2000 in Association with Socioeconomic Development: A brief Overview

air pollution, trend and variability, socioeconomic development, satellite measurements, bottom-up emission inventories, top-down constraints     

隐形碳关税:概念辨析与国际治理

碳关税是各国高度关注的贸易问题,因涉及各国经贸利益,南北国家在碳关税问题上分歧很大。任何有关碳关税的政策措施,都会引起发展中国家的强烈反对。因此,部分发达国家试图另辟蹊径,在国际贸易中通过增加生产标准、碳标签等技术要求,以比较隐蔽的方式实现执行碳关税的目的。文中将这些隐蔽的但能起到碳关税执行效果的政策措施归纳为隐形碳关税,并定义隐形碳关税是指那些虽然没有在边境环节征收碳关税,但与征收碳关税起到相同贸易壁垒作用的,对发展中国家出口产品和服务构成限制的政策和措施。隐形碳关税比较典型的表现形式包括生产标准、碳标签等措施。这些措施本身是政策中性的,并不构成隐形碳关税,但如果叠加了转移应对气候变化成本、限制发展中国家产业发展等目的,这些措施的性质便不再中性,而成为现实中的贸易壁垒。隐形碳关税的治理应该是国际气候治理进程的一个部分,《联合国气候变化框架公约》则应是隐形碳关税治理的主要国际平台。无论是在气候公约内还是气候公约外的治理机制,隐形碳关税的国际治理都应遵循气候公约的相关原则,尤其是共同但有区别责任原则,区别对待发达和发展中国家的责任和义务,充分发挥生产标准、碳标签等措施的积极环境效用,同时约束其不当使用,建立公平、互信、务实的国际合作模式,实现气候治理与经济发展的协同。     

Reflections on the current state of global climate response

What is the significance of the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali? The formal outcomes, especially the ‘Bali Action Plan’, are described and commented on, along with the challenges for negotiating a post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen during 2008 and 2009. The article concludes that the outcome of the Bali meeting is insufficient when compared to the nature of the challenge posed by climate change. However, it can nevertheless be considered a success in terms of ‘Realpolitik’ in paving the way for the negotiations ahead, because some real changes have been discerned in the political landscape. The challenges for the road towards Copenhagen are manifold: the sheer volume and complexity of the issues and the far-reaching nature of decisions such as differentiation between non- Annex I countries pose significant challenges in themselves, while the dependency on the electoral process in the USA introduces a high element of risk into the whole process. The emergence of social justice as an issue turns climate policy into an endeavour to improve the world at large—thereby adding to the complexity. And, finally, the biggest challenge is the recognition that the climate problem requires a global solution, that Annex I and non-Annex I countries are mutually dependent on each other and that only cooperation regarding technology in combination with significant financial support will provide the chance to successfully tackle climate change.     

Climate negotiations beyond Kyoto: developing countries concerns and interests

Abstract

Five years down the road from Kyoto, the Protocol that bears that city's name still awaits enough qualifying ratifications to come into force. While attention has been understandably focussed on the ratification process, it is time to begin thinking about the next steps for the global climate regime, particularly in terms of a deeper inclusion of developing countries' concerns and interests. This paper begins doing so from the perspective of the developing countries. The principal argument is that we need to return to the basic principles outlined in the Framework Convention on Climate Change in searching for a north—south bargain on climate change. Such a bargain may be achievable if we can realign the policy architecture of the climate regime to its original stated goals of sustainable development.