伊犁盆地北部山麓黄土粒度端元指示的粉尘堆积过程

中亚干旱区是全球重要的粉尘源区,是全球变化与区域响应研究的关键区域之一。中亚粉尘形成搬运沉积过程一直是全球变化研究的热点科学问题。本文选取位于伊犁盆地北部、北天山南麓不同地形和气候条件下的两处黄土剖面,对其沉积速率最高的层段进行了粒度测试分析,结合聚类分析和粒度分布曲线拟合两种方法,重建了黄土粉尘的堆积过程。伊犁盆地黄土主要由远源和近源物质组成,分别由高空西风和中尺度的区域风搬运而来。高空西风所携带的远源粘粒级矿物颗粒对盆地东部降雨较高地区有一定的贡献,而在盆地西部不容易沉降下来。中尺度区域风所搬运的近源物质组成了黄土沉积物的主体,而近源区沉积物的可用性在黄土的形成过程中扮演着重要角色。另外,非风暴过程中(沙尘暴过后)出现的浮尘在沙尘暴天气频率减少的时期对黄土的发育有重要贡献,而在沙尘暴天气频发的时期,较差的植被覆盖度能够使得已经沉降下来的浮尘组分重新被扬起至大气中。由此建立了一个粉尘堆积的概念模型。认识黄土粉尘的堆积过程对现代沙尘天气的治理和人类生存环境的改善具有重要作用。     

空气滤膜采集大气浮尘样品中多元素的测定

用氢氟酸-盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸体系对空气滤膜上附着的浮尘样品进行分解,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定溶液中15个主量和微量元素铁、铜、锌、镍、镧、铈、锂、锰、铬、镉、钴、铅、钍、铊、铀。将国家一级标准物质模拟浮尘样品加入空白滤膜进行测定,结果与标准值相符。各元素4次测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。     

新疆库尔勒市道路积尘重金属污染及健康风险评价

为探究绿洲城市道路积尘重金属污染风险,在新疆库尔勒市采集54个代表性道路积尘样品,分析其中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr和Cu等6种元素含量,基于GIS技术与地学统计法,采用污染负荷指数法和US EPA健康风险评价模型,对道路积尘中重金属污染及潜在健康风险进行评价。结果表明：库尔勒市道路积尘中Hg、Cd、As、Pb和Cu等元素含量的平均值均小于土壤环境质量—建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（GB 36600—2018）中的筛选值,但Cr元素含量平均值为相应筛选值的9.90倍。污染评价结果表明,研究区道路积尘中Cr呈现重度污染,Hg、Cd、As、Pb和Cu呈无污染。道路积尘中重金属元素的污染负荷指数介于0.0142~0.0522,平均值为0.0266,处于无污染水平。从道路积尘重金属污染空间分布格局来看,库尔勒市东北部和北部区域出现污染高值区。健康风险评估结果表明,经手-口摄入途径是库尔勒市道路积尘重金属日均暴露量及健康风险的主要途径,儿童受到的健康风险高于成人。库尔勒市道路积尘中Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr与Cu等元素的非致癌风险及致癌风险处于安全范围内,As对非致癌风险的贡献最大,Cr对致癌风险的贡献最大。     

Hydrated sulphuric acid in dense molecular clouds

We consider sulphur depletion in dense molecular clouds, and suggest hydrated sulphuric acid, H₂SO₄ ·  n H₂O, as a component of interstellar dust in icy mantles. We discuss the formation of hydrated sulphuric acid in collapsing clouds and its instability in heated regions in terms of the existing hot core models and observations. We also show that some features of the infrared spectrum of hydrated sulphuric acid have correspondence in the observed spectra of young stellar objects.     

Mid-infrared imaging of WL 16: the spatial distribution of the hydrocarbon emission features

We present arcsec-resolution images at 8.2, 10.0 and 11.3 μm of the unusual young object WL 16 in Ophiuchus, which has an extended envelope of fluorescing hydrocarbon molecules. To the limit of achieved sensitivity, the faint 10.0-μm continuum has a surface-brightness distribution that is not distinguishable from those at 8.2 and 11.3 μm, where the luminosity is known to be dominated by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission features. We conclude that the 10-μm continuum either arises from non-equilibrium heating of small dust grains that are well mixed with the hydrocarbons or is quasi-continuous emission from the PAH particles themselves, rather than thermal equilibrium emission from macroscopic dust grains, and that there is no significant silicate absorption variation across the source. The extended hydrocarbon emission may trace a flattened, equatorial distribution of circumstellar material or arise in bipolar lobes. The former case is slightly favoured, based on currently available data, and would imply that WL 16 is a relatively evolved Herbig Ae star, the equatorial plane of which has been almost cleared of normal dust, leaving only fluorescing hydrocarbons and larger coagulated particles as a possibly transient fossil of the original circumstellar disc.     

Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in dust in main living areas of Guiyang City,Southwest China

Guiyang is a famous tourist city located in southwestern China. In this study, dust from eleven residential areas, seven city squares, and nine schools was collected to measure the heavy metal levels and evaluate its risk. At each sampling site, 4-5 sub-samples were taken as a bulk sample. All samples were air-dried, ground, passed through a 0.105 mm nylon sieve, digested with HNO3-HC104 to determine the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by ICP-MS, and digested with 1：1 aqua regia to determine As by AFS. The results show that the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in dust of Guiyang City follow normal distribution with means of 16.1, 1.54, 138, 47.7, 129 and 479 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn exceed the background level of soil in Guizhou Province by 33%, 96%, 100%, 78%, 96%, and 100%, respectively. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are heavily accumu- lated in dust of living areas with accumulation factors of 4.10, 5.12, 4.12 and 5.51, respectively. City square pos- sesses the highest geometric means of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The risks of heavy metal exposure to teenagers are not obvious and in an order ofAs〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn （Cd）.     

基于倾斜摄影技术的戈壁灌丛沙丘形态反演及其对粉尘释放研究的意义

灌丛沙丘是广泛分布于西北干旱区的风沙地貌。戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘在戈壁沙尘释放和固沙能力方面具有重要的指示意义和应用价值。本研究采用倾斜摄影技术对戈壁上的灌丛沙丘形态特征进行观测和提取,并分析沉积物特征,计算戈壁灌丛沙丘的固沙能力,为沙尘释放研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘有明显的空间分布格局,即主要分布在干河床的两侧和地势低洼地区。(2)戈壁灌丛沙丘在形态上和其他地表灌丛沙丘类似,但沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、体积等小得多,而且参数之间具有明显的相关关系。(3)沉积物的累积概率曲线表现为三段式,跃移组分的粒度范围(50~700 μm)明显与以往研究不同。沙丘内部和表层的粉沙和黏土含量分别为4.47%和5.24%,从而说明灌丛沙丘能够捕获戈壁上释放的粉尘物质。(4)戈壁地区单个灌丛沙丘的粉尘释放量约0.05~0.08 m³,固沙能力最大可达18.71 m³。     

近2Ma帕里西-维拉海盆沉积物中碎屑组分粒度特征及其物源和古气候意义

对帕里西-维拉海盆PV090102孔深海沉积物中碎屑组分进行了粒度分析。结果表明,沉积物碎屑组分的平均粒径为3.2μm,粒径总体变化范围在0.5~32μm,粒度频率分布呈双峰负偏态特征。利用Weibull分布函数对粒度数据进行拟合,分离出粗、细两个不同的端元组分。细粒端元的粒径分布范围较窄,大多在0.5~16μm,峰值较高,众数粒径约为2μm,其特征与北太平中部风尘一致,推测主要为来源于亚洲大陆的风尘,它的百分含量在60%~90%,是碎屑组分的主要物质来源。粗粒端元的粒径分布范围较宽,约为1.6~32μm,峰较扁平,粒径的众数在10μm左右,主要是来自于周围海脊和岛弧的火山物质。PV090102孔沉积物碎屑组分中不同粒度组分对近2 Ma以来亚洲大陆干旱和大气环流系统增强有很好的响应,同时还记录了0.5 Ma以来西太平洋火山活动增强。这些研究结果表明西北太平洋沉积物的粒度组成有助于重建第四纪以来东亚大陆干旱和大气环流历史。     

太阳系尘埃等离子体研究

综述了太阳系尘埃等离子体中的充电机制和波动过程以及与之有关的若干空间物理现象,内容包括太阳系等离子体中尘埃表面的平衡电势,带电尘埃在空间环境中的受力与运动,行星环内沿的弥漫扩散,轮辐结构的成困,彗星环境中尘埃的静电爆裂,尘埃彗尾的形态演化,天王星窄环的稳定性等问题．