国内外钼资源供需形势分析

全面、系统地建立钼矿石、钼矿粉分析方法,对钼元素研究开发和保障钼矿工业发展具有重要意义。目前多采用酸溶或碱熔样品后进行分析,其不足是测定钼含量的范围窄,消耗样品量大,还需使用大量酸碱,且受仪器限制,分析高含量钼时多需对样品溶液进行数次稀释,使分析步骤更加繁琐。发射光谱法则可避免上述问题,但用之准确分析高含量钼矿石钼矿粉尚有测试方法的瓶颈需要突破。本文研究通过内标元素、分析线对、缓冲剂配比、电流程序等环节的实验分析,建立了固体进样-交流电弧发射光谱法测定钼矿石中高含量钼的分析方法：优化样品与光谱缓冲剂质量比至1∶2,优化分析线对,截取曝光时间35s,采用以国家一级合成硅酸盐光谱分析标准物质和国家一级矿石标准物质组成的自研标准系列制作标准曲线,由全谱交直流电弧发射光谱仪自动扣除分析线和内标线背景后以对数坐标二次曲线拟合计算,使测定范围扩展为500～500800μg/g,检出限为27.38μg/g,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.28%～8.30%,相对误差为-0.43%～0.73%。结果表明,本文方法在实现绿色分析的同时,在检出限相当、精密度合格的条件下,一次性分析高含量钼的上限从5%提高至50%。

     

Anomalous hydrogen emissions from the San Andreas fault observed at the Cienega Winery,central California

We began continuous monitoring of H₂ concentration in soil along the San Andreas and Calaveras faults in central California in December 1980, using small H₂/O₂ fuel-cell sensors. Ten monitoring stations deployed to date have shown that anomalous H₂ emissions take place occasionally in addition to diurnal changes. Among the ten sites, the Cienega Winery site has produced data that are characterized by very small diurnal changes, a stable baseline, and remarkably distinct spike-like H₂ anomalies since its installation in July 1982. A major peak appeared on 1–10 November 1982, and another on 3 April 1983, and a medium peak on 1 November 1983. The occurrences of these peaks coincided with periods of very low seismicity within a radius of 50 km from the site. In order to methodically assess how these peaks are related to earthquakes, three H₂ degassing models were examined. A plausible correlational pattern was obtained by using a model that (1) adopts a hemicircular spreading pattern of H₂ along an incipient fracture plane from the hypocenter of an earthquake, (2) relies on the FeO–H₂O reaction for H₂ generation, and (3) relates the accumulated amount of H₂ to the mass of serpentinization of underlying ophiolitic rocks; the mass was tentatively assumed to be proportional to the seismic energy of the earthquake.     

端视电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中有效钼

样品经草酸?草酸铵溶液(Tamm溶液)浸提,分取浸提液,蒸干灼烧破坏草酸盐,制备成硫酸介质溶液,采用端视电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中有效钼。方法检出限(3s)为0.013μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)为2.13%~6.70%。经国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合。     

Formation of chlorite rims and the impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality: a case study from Shiqianfeng sandstones in upper Permian of Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China

The source material, precursor and formation processes of chlorite rims, and impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality of the Shiqianfeng sandstones, Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, are studied using an integrated approach, including core observation, point-count analysis of thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and cathode luminescence. The petrographic analysis shows that chlorite rims consist of grain-coating chlorite, poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite and euhedral-crystallised pore-lining chlorite. The chemical composition shows that pore-lining chlorite is mainly Fe-rich with an average of 0.785 for Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio. Petrographic analysis shows a large amount of volcanic dust (3.0～16.0 vol%, average of 7.93 vol%) in Shiqianfeng sandstones, which determines the formation of poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite. Transformation of volcanic dust to smectite rims started with shallow burial depth at an early diagenetic stage, followed by in situ alteration of the smectite rims to poorly crystalline chlorite rims. Euhedral-crystallised chlorite mainly develops in sandstones with high porosity, high permeability and open flow systems. Pore-lining chlorite can inhibit quartz overgrowth but cannot effectively prevent pore-filling of authigenic quartz, carbonate and kaolinite cements, and therefore cannot prevent porosity destruction. However, the occurrence of pore-lining chlorite is a barometer of good reservoir quality and intense hydrodynamic conditions.     

The Converter Mechanism of Particle Acceleration and Its Applications to the Unidentified Egret Sources

We discuss the properties of gamma-ray radiation accompanying the acceleration of cosmic rays via the converter mechanism. The mechanism exploits multiple photon-induced conversions of high-energy particles from charged into neutral state (namely, protons to neutrons and electrons to photons) and back. Because a particle in the neutral state can freely cross the magnetic field lines, this allows to avoid both particle losses downstream and reduction in the energy gain factor, which normally takes place due to highly collimated distribution of accelerated particles. The converter mechanism efficiently operates in relativistic outflows under the conditions typical for Active Galactic Nuclei, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and microquasars, where it outperforms the standard diffusive shock acceleration. The accompanying radiation has a number of distinctive features, such as an increase of the maximum energy of synchrotron photons and peculiar radiation beam-pattern, whose opening angle is much wider at larger photon energies. This provides an opportunity to observe off-axis relativistic jets in GeV–TeV energy range. One of the implications is the possibility to explain high-latitude unidentified EGRET sources as off-axis but otherwise typical relativistic-jet sources, such as blazars.     

低压密闭消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地质样品中的硼

采用酸溶-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定地质样品中的全硼量,关键环节在于如何防止样品消解过程中硼元素的损失,降低测量过程中的基体干扰、光谱干扰和记忆效应。基于以上问题,本文采用氢氟酸-硝酸-高氯酸-磷酸在低压密闭溶样罐中消解样品,溶出的硼元素与少量磷酸充分络合,防止硼的挥发损失;以基体及主成分浓度与样品相类似的地质类固体标准物质绘制标准曲线做线性校准,有效匹配和降低样品的基体干扰;采用仪器自带的操作软件,观察分析谱线附近是否存在其他元素的干扰,来确定背景扣除最佳的位置及宽度,降低ICP-OES测量中的光谱干扰;以10%的王水作为进样系统的冲洗液,有效消减测量过程中的记忆效应。当稀释因子为200时,方法的检出限(3SD)为1.2μg/g,定量限(10SD)为4.0μg/g;用岩石、土壤及水系沉积物国家一级标准物质对精密度及准确度进行分析验证,11次测定相对标准偏差为1.8%～7.9%,相对误差为-3.6%～6.3%;以外检分析结果为参考,对硼含量在定量限以上的样品测定,相对误差为-9.3%～12.5%。     

煤柱-顶板系统协同作用的脆性失稳与非线性演化机制

把坚硬顶板视为弹性梁,把煤柱视为应变软化介质并采用W e ibu ll分布描述它的损伤本构模型,本文对坚硬顶板和煤柱组成的力学系统,用突变理论方法研究了它的演化失稳过程。通过对建立的尖点突变模型的分析发现,系统失稳主要取决于系统的刚度比k与材料的均匀性或脆性指标m值,并给出了失稳的充要条件力学判据和失稳突跳量的表达式。考虑煤柱介质的粘性或蠕变性,建立了系统演化的非线性动力学模型物理预报模型,并给出了根据顶板沉降观测数据反演非线性动力学模型的方法和稳定性判别准则。对木城涧矿根据观测序列进行了动力学模型的反演分析,一个重要发现是:D值在临近失稳时陡增出现峰值而后急剧下降。根据材料损伤与声发射累计计数的对应关系,建立了系统演化过程中声发射率的动力学模型,并进行了声发射模拟分析和分维分析,发现m值与系统的演化路径对系统演化的声发射活动规律及分维特征有重要影响,单纯根据声发射监测和降维现象预报冲击地压是不可靠的。     

祁连山敦德冰心微粒变化特征和大气环境记录

对祁连山敦德冰心总微粒含量、粒径分布以及总微粒含量、粗微粒含量与沙尘暴的关系进行了分析,结果表明,微粒主要来源于亚洲粉尘发源地和区域性源地,属于典型的陆源微粒。微粒含量和微粒粒径变化反映了沙尘暴的强度和波动历史,沙尘暴频率高时,微粒含量高,微粒粒径大,反之,微粒含量低,微粒粒径小。末次冰期以来,微粒含量变化呈减少趋势,暖期微粒含量低,冷期微粒含量高,夏季微粒含量高,冬季微粒含量低;不同粒径微粒相关性良好,反映了它们在来源、沉积和冰内变化方面具有相同之处。     

西太平洋海域现场培养实验中挥发性卤代烃浓度的变化及其影响因素

CH₃I、CHCl₃、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂是挥发性卤代烃4种重要成分,对大气化学产生重要影响。于2018年10月在西太平洋进行船基现场培养实验,研究微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)、酸化(pH=7.9)、酸化(pH=7.9)和微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)耦合作用、微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)和N/P (16∶1)耦合作用及沙尘(4 mg/L)对浮游植物释放CH₃I、CHCl₃、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂含量的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,实验组CH₃I、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂的释放均被不同程度抑制;CHCl₃的释放除添加沙尘时表现抑制作用外,其他条件下均为促进作用;实...