城市职能特征及其形成机理研究进展与展望

城市职能是城市定位、制定发展战略的重要依据,城市职能具有阶段性、等级性、地域性等特征,论文通过对不同学者的相关研究成果进行归纳总结,以期把握城市职能特征及其形成机理的普遍性规律。结果表明：① 不同城市发展阶段的职能特征表现为城市主导职能不断更替,农业社会阶段主要是政治和商业职能,工业社会阶段主要是制造业、商贸和物流职能,后工业化阶段是服务业职能且以生产性服务业职能为主。② 不同城市规模等级的职能特征表现为城市等级越高,城市职能综合性越强,服务业职能越强。③ 不同空间层面城市职能特征表现为,全球层面,发达国家本土通过城市职能升级,全球产业转移,形成以服务业为主导职能,发展中国家通过承接制造业转移,加速工业化,形成工业职能为主导职能,服务业职能地位不断提升;全国层面,城市职能地带性差异较大,东部工业职能依然突出,西部矿业职能、科技职能、行政职能较明显;城市群层面,世界发育成熟的城市群,在区域中心城市与外围城市之间,以及外围城市之间已经形成紧密的联系和职能分工。中国的许多城市群在中心和外围城市之间也具有明确的职能分工,中心城市以服务业职能为主,但外围城市之间职能分工还不明确。④ 城市职能演变影响因素方面,自然条件、人口、交通、政府引导、区位等传统因素起基础作用,科技、全球化、信息化等新因素作用越来越大。城市职能演变还受区域分工、产业升级、产业转移、趋同发展等机制共同作用。⑤ 未来研究方面,研究时间上应补充完善长时间尺度和近期研究的城市职能研究,研究内容上应加深城市职能效应、城市职能演变机制和职能优化方面的研究,与国家战略进行融合;研究方法上除了统计分析,还可采用调研、问卷、访谈等方法进行补充。     

自动推算室内接入点坐标算法

随着基于位置服务的应用与发展,室外和室内定位技术都得到了飞速发展。特别是在WiFi定位技术的不断完善下,室内定位技术有了广泛的应用,但是,WiFi定位技术的两种定位方式均需预先知道室内网络接入点的精确坐标,这一要求无法满足一些紧急情况下的定位需求。因此,本文提出了一种基于M估计的自动推算室内接入点坐标算法。该算法借助在室内外交界处同时获取卫星定位信息和WiFi信号的RSSI信息,巧用分段RSSI测距算法提高长距离RSSI测距精度,结合残差绝对和最小的M估计改进距离交会定位算法,最终推算出室内接入点的三维坐标,实现自动化推算过程。试验结果表明：该方法的定位精度比常规距离交会最小二乘算法提高了50%,能够快速实时较精确地推算室内接入点的坐标,进一步完善了WiFi定位技术。     

均生函数与BP神经网络耦合模拟预测模型(MGF-BP-I)的建立与应用

水文气候因子模拟预测对气候变化研究、农业墒情预报、生态环境改善、水资源合理开发利用等具有一定参考意义。均生函数、BP神经网络及其结合改进方式在模拟预测中各有优点,被广泛应用,但仍有进一步改进空间。针对MGF、MGF-OSR、MGF-OSR-BP等方法粗选因子集、粗选集组合筛选、收敛适应性、精度控制等可改进空间,进一步发挥均生函数和BP神经网络优势,建立了MGF-BP-I模拟预测模型。利用MGF-OSR、MGF-OSR-BP、MGF-BP-I对科尔沁沙地区域平均年降水进行了模拟预测。结果表明,建模期MGF-OSR-BP、MGF-BP-I拟合效果均较好,MGF-BP-I建模阶段最优模式精度优于MGF-OSR-BP,MGF-BP-I整体同时最优模式结果也非常好。检验期,MGF-BP-I检验阶段最优及整体同时最优两种模式拟合效果最好,相比其他模式精度有所提高。MGF-BP-I考虑更加全面,充分发挥了均生函数和BP神经网络优势,精度远高于MGF-OSR和MGF-OSR-BP,MGF-BP-I整体同时最优模式更符合实际应用,效果理想,可用于水文气候因子模拟预测。     

The Application of a Diatom-based Transfer Function to Evaluate Regional Water-Quality Trends in Minnessota Since 1970

Significant population growth over the last three decades, as well as efforts to improve surface-water quality mandated by the Clean Water Act, potentially have had opposing influences on aquatic ecosystems in the U.S. Because historical data on water-quality trends are limited over this time period, we developed a diatom-based transfer function to reconstruct chloride, color, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), total phosphorus (TP), and pH in 55 Minnesota lakes. The lakes span three different ecoregions, as well as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, and differ in their history of settlement and land use, and in surficial geology, climate, and vegetation. Lakes in the Northern Lakes and Forest ecoregion are nearly pristine, whereas those in the other regions likely are strongly affected by urban or agricultural pollutants. Reconstructions of water-chemistry trends since 1970 suggest that recent human activities have had substantial impacts in both urban and rural areas. Chloride concentrations have increased in many Metro lakes, which may be due to road salts, and phosphorus levels have been steady or rising in agricultural regions. The majority of Metro lakes show some decline in TP, although many of the changes are not statistically significant based on our reconstruction techniques. There is no evidence that atmospheric deposition of sulfate or nitrate has caused acidification or changes in trophic state for remote lakes in the northeastern part of the state.     

四川盆地西部及邻区地壳上地幔精细结构研究

为获得四川盆地及其邻区地壳和上地幔精细结构,并据此对该区域整体构造运动初步进行动力学解释,本研究采用接收函数、线性反演与H-kappa扫描相结合的方法,获得以下结论：研究区域地壳厚度东西向差异巨大,其厚度差高达29 km。四川盆地地表具有较厚沉积层,属于刚性块体。龙门山南段与四川盆地交接地区存在某些区域的波速比较高,推测这些地区可能存在地幔物质上涌导致地壳中铁镁质成分增加。松潘-甘孜地块的地壳厚度存在58~65 km的横向变化,中下地壳存在梯形低速层,可能由于青藏高原向东俯冲过程中遭遇四川盆地刚性块体的阻挡而引起该地块的挤压变形,该区域具有较高的波速比,综合分析推测其可能存在区域性的部分熔融。     

甘肃省气候舒适度时空分异特征研究

利用甘肃省37个气象台站的气候资料,采用温湿指数、风寒指数、着衣指数及综合舒适度指数等气候舒适度指标和反距离权重空间插值分析方法,对甘肃省气候舒适度的时空分异特征进行了详细分析,研究表明,4—10月气候舒适度都比较优越,6—8月气候舒适度最佳,1月、12月气候舒适度较差。气候舒适度整体呈纬度地带性变化,由东南向西北递减,同时垂直地带性影响显著,导致海拔较高的南部和中部地区气候舒适度较差,其中陇南市、天水市和白银市气候舒适度最好,其次为平凉市、庆阳市等地区,比较差的有甘南藏族自治州、张掖市和金昌市等地区。研究结果全面反映了甘肃省气候舒适度的时空分异规律,对于研究区旅游规划、人口分布研究等有一定参考价值。     

Angular resolution of terrestrial laser scanners

Knowledge of a laser scanner's spatial resolution is necessary in order to prevent aliasing and estimate the level of detail that can be resolved from a scanned point cloud. Spatial resolution can be decoupled into range and angular components. The latter is the focus of this paper and is governed primarily by sampling interval and laser beamwidth. However, emphasis is often placed on one of these—typically sampling interval—as an indicator of resolution. Since both affect the resolution of a scanned point cloud, consideration of only one factor independent of the other can lead to a misunderstanding of a system's capabilities. This will be demonstrated to be inappropriate except under very specific conditions. A new, more appropriate resolution measure for laser scanners, the effective instantaneous field of view (EIFOV), is proposed. It is derived by modelling the shift variance of the equal angular increment sampling process, laser beamwidth-induced positional uncertainty and observed angle quantisation with ensemble average modulation transfer functions (AMTFs). Several commercially available terrestrial laser scanner systems are modelled and analysed in terms of their angular resolution capabilities using the EIFOV.     

STEP FUNCTION TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING DATA UNCERTAINTY IN EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

An additive model is used to express the observed value of a sample characteristic as the sum of the truesample characteristic and a value of the data collection error,commonly known as experimental error.The data uncertainty of the experimental results(or of a survey data set)is defined as the expectedsquared error.The expected squared error may change with the sample characteristic,e.g.the errormoment could be concentration-dependent.The relationship between the error variance and the analyteconcentration may not be very distinct.In such a case the data transformation to stabilize the errormoments may not be appropriate.A step function is proposed as an alternative way to represent thesecond moment of the error.The data uncertainty is defined as the weighted average of the step valuesof the second raw moment of the error,using the appropriate proportions of the routine samples asweights.The data uncertainties associated with the different data collection stages were evaluated by usingregional soil survey data.     

背景噪声互相关函数多尺度成像研究

当前研究表明噪声互相关函数中成分较为复杂,其包含各阶频散曲线信息,传统从互相关函数中提取基阶频散曲线信息成像方法存在有效信号遗漏风险.因此,本研究不再提取频散曲线,而是直接利用互相关函数进行成像,系统研究了基于两个台站的噪声互相关函数数据处理、正演和反演方法.此外,在地震勘探中,如何划分地层网格,并选择合适的反演频段对于高精度成像具有较为重要的意义.因此,本研究提出了层厚和反演深度随频率变化的多尺度反演方法.在成像中首先划分较粗的地层网格,选择较低的频段反演得到地下大尺度介质结构,由于较粗网格虽然反演稳定且计算量较小,但分辨率有限,因此对反演大尺度结果重新划分较细网格,并选择高频段进行反演,这一策略可以减少反演参数个数,从而提高反演稳定性,并且降低计算量,同时可以从模型尺度提高反演的分辨率.实际数据处理验证了方法可行性.本文噪声互相关函数成像方法为仅能布设少量地震台站的特殊地区的探测（如月球、火星等地外天体）提供了更多选择,并且为复杂介质多尺度成像方法的研发铺平了道路.