唐山7.8级地震的震前趋势异常变化为什么加速

唐山7.8级地震震中区的观测资料表明,1976年5月初,地壳岩层中发生了重要的事件,它使地形变、地下水位,重力、地电阻率等方面的异常突然地加速。从构造塌陷的角度看,这些异常加速都可以用唐山7.8级地震主断裂上出现了大量张裂隙来解释,这种张裂隙发生在地表附近,其延伸方向与断裂平行,是岩层局部向上凸起造成的。地应力方面的资料与此相符     

神木矿区的主要环境地质问题

神木矿区地处陕北侏罗纪煤田的北部,毛乌素沙漠边缘。矿区地质环境脆弱,地下水资源贫乏,煤层自燃严重,火烧岩广泛分布。本文对矿区建设及开发中的环境工程地质、环境水文地质问题进行了分析。主要包括火烧岩的工程地质问题,煤自燃,煤矿顶板冒落地面变形,地下水资源枯竭与水污染等问题。     

The Platanar-Aguas Zarcas volcanic centers,Costa Rica: spatial-temporal association of Quaternary calc-alkaline and alkaline volcanism

The Platanar volcanic center is dominated by a calc-alkaline, basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite magma series with unusual LREE enrichment. Adjacent and overlapping the calc-alkaline rocks are the most alkaline basalts found along the volcanic front of Central America. These basalts are mafic, LIL- and LREE-enriched transitional to alkaline basalts. Several are found on the north flank of Platanar in the Aguas Zarcas region, where there are nine cinder cones and a few isolated flows. However, they are also found in isolated lava outcrops at least as far south as Porvenir volcano along the volcanic front. The addition of mafic alkaline magmas with high La/Yb and low Ba/La into the Platanar magma chamber or chambers may contribute to the LREE-enriched character of the Platanar basaltic andesites and andesites. At Platanar the field and geochemical evidence suggest mixing between calc-alkaline and alkaline magmas, a process that has probably occurred throughout the development of the Cordillera Central of Costa Rica. The presence of negative Ce anomalies in several of the calc-alkaline lavas also make the Platanar complex very unusual compared to the rest of the Central American volcanic front. In the center of the Platanar complex is the Chocosuela caldera, an apparent remnant of an avalanche caldera created by the collapse in the Middle Pleistocene of an ancestral stratovolcano toward the NNW in a directed blast-type eruption. Rhyolite is present as pumice lapilli in pyroclastic flow deposits outside the caldera rim. Whole lapilli analyses span the daciterhyolite range. The previous eruption of high silica tephra as pyroclastic flows, the current long dormant period and the repeated occurrence of earthquake swarms on the flanks of the Platanar complex make it a candidate for volcanic hazard mapping, detailed geological mapping and emergency planning.     

矿区岩溶陷落柱探测中遥感与地理信息系统技术的应用研究

岩溶陷落柱是煤矿生产中严重的地质灾害之一。本文研究了陷落柱的遥感图像特征，从中提取了矿山环形和线性构造及热异常区，并结合实际地质，采矿资料，应用ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ地理信息系统进行多因素复合分析，预测陷落柱的可能分布区，进而实施探验证，结果表明，这种综合探测技术方案效果好，费用省。     

1994－04－30四川省武隆县鸡冠岭滑坡→崩塌→碎屑流→堵江灾害链

１９９４－０４－３０的１１：４５，四川省武隆县兴顺乡核桃坪村境内乌江左岸鸡冠岭一龙冠嘴（１０７°２９′２７″Ｅ，２９°２８′０６″Ｎ）发生了特大型滑坡→崩塌→碎屑流→堵江灾害链，其碎屑堆积物方量５３０万ｍ￣３．崩塌滑坡发生区海拔５００─８５０ｍ。崩塌滑坡物质解体、破碎后，又呈碎屑流作顺坡运动，其中３０万ｍ￣３泻入乌江（江面海拔１５０ｍ），堵断江流时间达３０ｍｉｎ；这次灾害链致死４人，失踪１２人，伤５人，造成直接经济损失近千万元。发生区后缘坡体上还有地表裂缝在不断扩展，潜在性灾害威胁继续存在。     

大柳塔煤矿采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程的影响

陕西神木大柳塔县地区煤炭资源的开发不可避免会产生地面塌陷、地裂缝、地下水位下降等矿山环境地质问题,地面塌陷是否会加剧土地沙漠化成为研究的热点问题。调查表明20年间整个研究区和其中的主要矿区土地沙漠化呈现出重度沙漠化土地逐年减少、轻度及非沙漠化土地面积逐年增大的一致演化趋势,采煤塌陷区土地沙漠化没有出现加剧的现象。通过4处采煤塌陷区及2处煤矿未开采区土壤垂向剖面研究,地表植被类型及覆盖度、植被根系垂向分布、土壤粒度、含水率、地下水位之间等关系表明,采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程没有明显的影响。年均415mm的降雨量基本满足采煤塌陷区沙生植被正常生长所需水份,其结论为该地区大规模煤炭资源开发土地沙漠化防治提供了科学依据。     

Assessment of suffosion-related hazards in karst areas using GIS technology

This paper describes an application of the geographic information system (GIS) technology to a ground stability assessment in the karst area of Dzerzhinsk, Russia. In the stability analysis, the groundwater level changes in the karst aquifer could cause suffosion sinkholes when the gravitational force was greater than the soil strength. The GIS technology was used to combine various data and to delineate the zones of potential gravitational collapse and suffosion collapse in the area.

汶川地震次生灾害毁坏耕地的遥感快速评估方法——以北川县唐家山地区为例

以四川省北川县唐家山地区为研究区,利用2006-11-10的SPOT卫星影像数据,依据NDVI和地形信息进行耕地识别,辅以少量的人工修正,快速获取灾前耕地分布信息.应用2008-05-14的FORMOSAT-Ⅱ卫星影像数据和2008-06-04的ALOS卫星影像数据,采用人机交互解译快速获取地震诱发的崩塌滑坡、堰塞湖等次生灾害信息.灾前耕地分布信息叠加地震次生灾害数据及影像,进行变化检测,实现耕地损毁的快速评估.结果表明,研究区内崩塌滑坡、堰塞湖等次生灾害严重,崩塌滑坡533处,面积1408.20hm2,堰塞湖水面面积已达604.69 hm2.共毁坏耕地86.88 hm2,耕地毁坏率8.84%.崩塌滑坡、被毁耕地分布与断裂带分布一致,断裂破碎带内耕地毁坏率达18.74%,占研究区被毁耕地面积的74.53%.     

Formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex during late-orogenic collapse of the Canadian Cordillera: Role of ductile thinning and partial melting of the mid-to lower crust

Abstract

The early Tertiary evolution of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex is characterised by low-angle crustal detachments and nearly isothermal decompression followed by rapid cooling of rocks in the footwall of the detachments. Previous work as well as our own observations suggest that Paleogene late-orogenic extension produced the main tectonic features of the region. Furthermore, structural analysis of the migmatites and published geochronological data indicate that partial melting of the mid- to lower crust was coeval with extension in the upper crustal levels, suggesting that these two processes are linked genetically. Consequently, we propose that the formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex corresponds to late-orogenic gravitational collapse of the Canadian Cordillera accommodated by normal faulting of the brittle upper crust and by ductile thinning of the mid- to lower crust. The initiation and amplification of extension during the Paleocene in the Shuswap metamorphic core complex are tentatively related to partial melting of the thickened crust which caused drastic mechanical weakening of the crust.     

Effect of using transient polyaxial failure criterion in wellbore instability analysis

ABSTRACT

Wellbore instability is one of the major challenges facing the drilling industry and it shows itself in the form of wellbore collapse and/or fracture. The major reason for this challenge is the inability of the mud density to balance the weight of the excavated materials. While most drilling operations are carried out through shale formations, the complexities of drilling such wells are increased because of the tendency for shale to react with water-based mud. Moreover, the very low permeability of shale means that time-dependent effects may set in. The convention used to incorporate time-dependent effect is to couple the constitutive stress model and chemical diffusion, but in this study, we considered the effect of incorporating time variable into the rock failure criterion. The choice criterion used is the Mogi-Coulomb rock failure criterion, which was modified to incorporate the time effect. The results indicate that in an open-hole the mud density to prevent wellbore collapse increases with time while that to prevent wellbore fracture decreases, thus making the mud window reduce with time.