Distribution and effectiveness of nivation in Mediterranean mountains: Peñalara (Spain)

Snow accumulation is responsible for geomorphic and biogeographic processes taking place in the southern sector of the Peñalara massif in central Spain (40°51′N, 3°57′W; max. altitude 2428 m at Pico de Peñalara). This work compares the intensity of nivation on the eastern slope, leeward of the prevailing westerly winds and heavily eroded by glacial activity during the Pleistocene, to that of the western slope on the windward side, unaffected by glacial erosion and completely covered by a thick weathering mantle. On the eastern slope, nivation is effective only where the weathering mantle is exposed or on morainic formations. It does not occur on the landforms derived from glacial erosion. In contrast, the western side shows almost no evidence of snow action except where catastrophic mass movements have altered the regularity of the slope. During the post-glacial epoch, nivation cirques formed in the scars left by mass wasting. In the last 30 years, spring temperatures have increased and this activity has diminished. The pattern of evolution observed at Peñalara can be extrapolated to other Mediterranean mountains with similar characteristics such as marginal glacial activity during the Pleistocene, unconsolidated formations on the summits caused by chemical weathering, and dry, hot summers that can increase the effectiveness of nivation.     

Present land use and cover patterns and their development potential in North Ningxia

With the objectives to acquire the fundamental data of the territorial resource, understand the impacts of human activities on the land use and cover patterns and evaluate the potential of the future exploitation, an intensive land cover classification with an accuracy of 93% has been completed for North Ningxia by remote sensing technique based on the adoption of a combination method composed of texture training, maximum likelihood classification and post-processing such as re-allocation and aggregation. This classification result was incorporated with the contemporaneous socio-economic and meteorological data for cross-sectional regression modelling to reveal the spatial determinants of the land cover patterns and understand the human-environmental relationships. A tentative evaluation on the potential of soil exploitation in the near future was carried out in combination with our land use and cover change detection results aiming at supplying some useful references for the central and local governments in their sustainable land use planning.     

添加剂对聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚浊点的影响

浊点是非离子表面活性剂的一个特性参数，它是非离子表面活性荆溶液由透明变浑浊，和由浑浊变透明的平均温度。聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚是一种非离子表面活性剂，通过实验测定了有机酸、醇、无机盐、聚合物等添加剂对聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚浊点的影响。结果表明，不加任何添加剂时，聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚的浊点为89℃；添加有机酸时，浊点随浓度升高先下降后上升；添加醇时，碳链短的随浓度升高浊点升高，碳链长的随浓度升高而下降；添加无机钠盐时，浊点随浓度升高而下降；添加聚合物时。浊点超过100℃。     

大兴安岭浅覆盖区生态地质评价方法初探——以1∶25万区调呼中镇幅为例

通过野外调查，在收集统计大量基础地质、经济地质、环境地质、旅游地质、农(林)业地质等数据信息的基础上，在GIS技术指导下，采用定量定性相结合的半定量分析评价方法，对森林浅覆盖区生态地质现状及各类资源的开发利用潜力进行了综合评价。在研究和探讨森林浅覆盖区生态地质综合评价方法的基础上，提出了森林浅覆盖区生态地质评价模型，确定了综合参数，划分了生态地质类型。     

烃类垂向微渗漏及其地表异常显示

烃类以微泡、水动力、扩散和渗透方式向地表迁移过程中,其效能、方式与油气藏的盖层、断裂与裂隙系统、储层的流体性质、地层压力等地质因素密切相关.通过对塔里木盆地雅克拉凝析气田上的地表、井中化探资料与地质资料的综合分析,认为该气田的井中垂向地球化学特征、控制烃类垂向微渗漏地质因素、地表化探异常显示之间呈现出很好的内在联系.     

玄武岩盖层下石林的岩溶动力学特征

受玄武岩盖层的影响，石林地区的地下水在雨季和旱季对碳酸盐岩都具有侵蚀性，玄武岩盖层空气CO2呈现出低—高—低的双向变化梯度。溶蚀试验表明．地下0～0．6m，水平方向的溶蚀量大于垂直方向的溶蚀量，而随着深度的增加，垂直方向的溶蚀量大于水平方向。富含CO2的水通过具有最大渗透张量和较小主轴倾角的玄武岩裂隙下渗，对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用表现为一个脱钙、富铝铁、硅迁移的复杂过程，并在地下0～0．6m形成许多水平凹槽、穿洞等岩溶形态，而地表0．6m以下以垂向溶蚀为主，有利于石柱的形成与发育。     

降水云中液水含量的空基遥感

在建立不同降水云垂直结构模式的基础上，利用矢量微波辐射传扬模式进行空基云雨遥感的数值试验。结果表明：星载微波辐射计6．9GHz通道对降水云的冰层很不敏感，而对降水云校总液水含量(LWC)非常敏感；辐射亮温(Tb)随LWC呈单调变化关系；进一步考查这个频率下b的两个极化分量差△Tb(＝Tbv—Tbh)和LWC的关系发现，不同云结构(对流云和层状云)对△Tb-LWC关系影响较小。研究分析表明，6．9GHz的v,h两个通道有可能用于遥感降水云的液水总量。     

利用NOAA AVHRR数据研究北半球雪盖气候学特征

利用NOAA卫星图像,研究了北半球、欧亚、北美和青藏高原雪盖气候学特征及其变化趋势.指出北半球、欧亚和北美雪盖气候变化趋势基本一致,年均雪盖面积在1987年前后明显下降; 而青藏高原雪盖面积在1984年后明显下降,说明青藏高原雪盖的年际变化与北半球及欧亚、北美不完全一致.     

“2002.6.30”滇中低涡暴雨的中尺度分析

利用MICAPS常规资料和GMS卫星云图，3830—C多普勒雷达观测资料，对2002年6月30日发生于滇中地区的暴雨天气过程进行诊断和分析，发现暴雨过程由中低层低涡切变造成，暴雨区与垂直速度及涡度所表现的强烈上升区对应，并伴有高能高湿条件；同时卫星云图上有中尺度低涡云团发展。多普勒雷达回波资料分析表明，暴雨过程中出现了明显的中尺度系统，如中尺度辐合线、中尺度气旋、逆风区等，具有典型的对流型特征。     

用相关分析法从红外云图上提取云团平均尺度特征量

用相关分析法从红外云图上提取云团平均尺度这一特征量，考察了云团平均尺度与合地面观测资料所估算的云厚以及实测局地降雨之关系。初步分析表明，所得的云团平均尺度具有明显的天气学意义。