A critical evaluation of multi‐proxy dendroclimatology in northern Finland

Twentieth‐century summer (July–August) temperatures in northern Finland are reconstructed using ring widths, maximum density and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of Scots pine tree rings, and using combinations of these proxies. Verification is based on the coefficient of determination (r²), reduction of error (RE) and coefficient of efficiency (CE) statistics. Of the individual proxies, δ¹³C performs best, followed by maximum density. Combining δ¹³C and maximum density strengthens the climate signal but adding ring widths leads to little improvement. Blue intensity, an inexpensive alternative to X‐ray densitometry, is shown to perform similarly. Multi‐proxy reconstruction of summer temperatures from a single site produces strong correlations with gridded climate data over most of northern Fennoscandia. Since relatively few trees are required (<15) the approach could be applied to long sub‐fossil chronologies where replication may be episodically low. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响——元分析（英文）

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change,which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance,and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles.The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China,which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC.However,its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors,such as soil layers,LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g.the fixed depth method,FD,and the equivalent mass method,ESM).In this study,we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB.We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method,the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%,respectively;while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%,respectively.The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD),which may underestimate the results subsequently.We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC.In particular,when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types,SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses,while other LUCCs had minor influences.Finally,we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage.In summary,we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g.soil layer,the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB,which should be considered in future research.     

沉积地层中成矿作用的碳同位素特征和含矿缺氧盆地成因新观点

沉积盆地内地层中碳的来源 ,根据其碳、氧同位素特征可归纳为 :海洋沉积碳酸盐碳、生物碳、热解非生物成因碳、大气淡水方解石碳和热卤水系统中的无机碳。热水成因的金矿及喷气 沉积矿床中的碳都具有深源成因的无机碳。深部含无机碳的热流体喷溢到海洋底部可以解释为扩张盆地底部形成的缺氧环境和含矿黑色页岩的主导原因     

活性炭从硫脲浸出液中回收金的工艺研究

本文研究了在酸性硫脲浸出液中活性炭回收金的工艺过程,实验表明,在该浸出液中活性炭对金具有较高的吸附速度、吸附率和吸附容量并易于解吸,为工业应用提供了可靠的技术依据。     

Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment in the western subarctic pacific (SEEDS II)

A mesoscale iron-enrichment study (SEEDS II) was carried out in the western subarctic Pacific in the summer of 2004. The iron patch was traced for 26 days, which included observations of the development and the decline of the bloom by mapping with sulfur hexafluoride. The experiment was conducted at almost the same location and the same season as SEEDS (previous iron-enrichment experiment). However, the results were very different between SEEDS and SEEDS II. A high accumulation of phytoplankton biomass (∼18 mg chl m⁻³) was characteristic of SEEDS. In contrast, in SEEDS II, the surface chlorophyll-a accumulation was lower, 0.8 to 2.48 mg m⁻³, with no prominent diatom bloom. Photosynthetic competence in terms of F _v/F _m for the total phytoplankton community in the surface waters increased after the iron enrichments and returned to the ambient level by day 20. These results suggest that the photosynthetic physiology of the phytoplankton assemblage was improved by the iron enrichments and returned to an iron-stressed condition during the declining phase of the bloom. Pico-phytoplankton (<2 μm) became dominant in the chlorophyll-a size distribution after the bloom. We observed a nitrate drawdown of 3.8 μM in the patch (day 21), but there was no difference in silicic acid concentration between inside and outside the patch. Mesozooplankton (copepod) biomass was three to five times higher during the bloom-development phase in SEEDS II than in SEEDS. The copepod biomass increased exponentially. The grazing rate estimation indicates that the copepod grazing prevented the formation of an extensive diatom bloom, which was observed in SEEDS, and led to the change to a pico-phytoplankton dominated community towards the end of the experiment.     

Correlations between heavy metals and organic carbon extracted by dry oxidation procedure in urban roadside soils

The organic fraction in soils has a significant influence on heavy metal transport. In this study, the organic carbon content was measured by dry oxidation procedure from 21 Xuzhou urban roadside soils to assess the relationships between the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr) and the amount of organic carbon. The anthropogenic heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cu, Zn) were strongly correlated with organic carbon (denoted by C_org−c) extracted by dry oxidation while natural heavy metal (e.g. Cr) showed no correlation to the C_org−c. The anthropogenic heavy metals were also strongly correlated with the amount of the total carbon. These results show that the anthropogenic heavy metals are mainly enriched in the organic matter in the Xuzhou urban roadside soils.     

广东凡口铅锌矿碳、氧同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

广东凡口超大型铅锌矿床产于泥盆系台地碳酸盐岩中,矿床成因仍存在较大争议。通过含矿地层岩石以及矿石系统的碳、氧同位素分析研究,发现紫色砂岩的褪色蚀变和碳酸盐岩的白云石化与盆地卤水作用密切相关,褪色蚀变砂岩中的碳酸盐胶结物具有显著低的δ^13C和δ^18O值,与矿石中碳酸盐矿物相似,白云石化的碳酸盐岩之δ^13c和δ^18...     

冲绳海槽千年来陆源物质输入历史与东亚季风变迁

为解决近1000年以来东海沿岸地区气候演化及其对南冲绳海槽陆源物质输入的影响, 对取自南冲绳海槽的MD05-2908孔上部(0~810cm) 共78份孢粉样品和199份有机碳同位素样品进行了分析.结果显示, 近1000年以来南冲绳海槽陆源物质输入存在着显著波动, 其中1100~1040aBP、960~880aBP和800~480aBP期间, 陆源物质输入比例增加; 1040~960aBP和480~230aBP期间, 陆源物质输入比例减少.将陆源物质输入指标与陕西佛爷洞δ13C含量记录对比分析, 发现陆源物质输入比例变化与季风的变化密切相关.当夏季风减弱时, 导致降雨带长时间集中在南部地区, 增强的降雨量提高了风化剥蚀以及沉积物向海洋搬运的能力, 使得陆源物质供应量增加.      

Risk mitigation and the social cost of carbon

The social cost of carbon – i.e., the marginal present-value cost imposed by greenhouse gas emissions – is determined by a complex interaction between factual assumptions, modeling methods, and value judgments. Among the most crucial factors is society's willingness to tolerate potentially catastrophic environmental risks. To explore this issue, the present analysis employs a stochastic climate–economy model that accounts for uncertainties in baseline economic growth, baseline emissions, greenhouse gas mitigation costs, carbon cycling, climate sensitivity, and climate change damages. In this model, preferences are specified to reflect the high degree of risk aversion revealed by private investment decisions, signaled by the large observed gap between the average rates of return paid by safe and risky financial instruments. In contrast, most climate–economy models assume much lower risk aversion. Given high risk aversion, the analysis finds that investment in climate stabilization yields especially large net benefits by forestalling low-probability threats to long-run human well-being. Accordingly, the social cost of carbon attains the markedly high value of $25,700 per metric ton of carbon dioxide in a baseline scenario in which emissions are unregulated. This value falls to just $4 per ton as the stringency of control measures is successively increased. These results cast doubt on the idea that the social cost of carbon takes on a uniquely defined, objective value that is independent of policy decisions. This does not, however, rule out the use of carbon prices to achieve the benefits of climate stabilization using least-cost mitigation measures.     

山西太原盆地龙山文化时期的生业经济——以阳曲县西殿南遗址人和动物骨骼的C、N稳定同位素分析为例

以山西太原阳曲西殿南遗址(38°03′45″N,112°45′55″E)出土的3例人骨和34例动物骨骼(3例鹿、3例狗、5例牛、6例羊、17例猪)为研究对象,运用AMS-¹⁴C测年与C、N稳定同位素分析的研究方法,研究该遗址所处的年代、动物和人的食物结构以及先民对家畜的饲喂方式,进而还原龙山文化时期太原盆地的生业经济。AMS-¹⁴C测年结果显示,M1墓主人骨骼的¹⁴C年代为4200±30 a B. P.,树轮校正后的年代范围为4844~4620 cal.a B. P.,结合该遗址遗存及其组合群特征初步判断其应为一处龙山文化时期遗址。C、N稳定同位素测试结果显示,鹿(δ¹³C：-20.8‰ ~-18.7‰,均值-19.6‰ ±1.1‰;δ¹⁵N：2.9‰ ~3.6‰,均值3.3‰ ±0.4‰,n=3)主要以C₃类食物为生,说明当地野生植被主要为C₃类植物;与鹿不同,羊的δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值(δ¹³C：-17.2‰ ~-14.3‰,均值-16.2‰ ±1.0‰;δ¹⁵N：6.7‰ ~9.6‰,均值8.1‰ ±1.2‰,n=6)明显高于鹿,其内部存在一些差异性,可分为A、B、C三组：A组羊(YQ17和YQ19)的δ¹³C值偏高(分别为-16.4‰和-16.3‰),δ¹⁵N值(分别为9.3‰和9.6‰)较高,其年龄较小,食物中包含较多的羊奶或生活于缺水的环境中,抑或被投喂了高蛋白的饲料;B组羊(YQ16、YQ18、YQ20)的δ¹³C值偏低(分别为-16.8‰、-14.3‰和-17.2‰),但δ¹⁵N值(分别为8.3‰、7.4‰和7.2‰)偏高,其受到人工干扰的可能性最大,特别是在冬春季节,野外植被较少,羊群很可能无法自行获得充足的食物资源,这时人为投放的饲料(如粟黍的秸秆等)可能作为其食物的补充;C组羊(YQ15)的δ¹³C值(-16.3‰)和δ¹⁵N值(6.7‰)都较低,其食物来源以C₃类植物为主,也有少量C₄类食物,其数值符合羊作为食草动物的特征,同时反映出当地野生植被主要以C₃类植物为主。显然,以野外放养为主的羊,它们的食物结构仍然受到粟黍农业的强烈影响。大部分牛(δ¹³C：-20.2‰ ~-14.6%,均值-16.4‰ ±2.6‰;δ¹⁵N：3.5‰ ~6.8‰,均值5.3‰ ±1.6‰,n=4)的食物主要以C₃类植物为主,但也添加了少量的C₄类食物;家猪(δ¹³C：-7.5‰ ~-6.3‰,均值-6.9‰ ±0.3‰;δ¹⁵N：6.1‰ ~8.4‰,均值7.5‰ ±0.6‰,n=17)、家犬(δ¹³C：-7.3‰ ~-6.8‰,均值-7.0‰ ±0.3‰;δ¹⁵N：6.6‰ ~7.9‰,均值7.1‰ ±0.7‰,n=3)及牛YQ13(δ¹³C：-10.7‰;δ¹⁵N：8.7‰)主要以C₄类食物为生。其中,猪和狗则主要以粟黍及其副产品为生,并食用了较多先民食物残余和/或残羹冷炙,甚至先民的粪便等;牛YQ13可能受到先民的特殊饲喂,其食物中添加了大量的粟黍及其副产品。先民(δ¹³C：-8.6‰ ~-7.1‰,均值-7.7‰ ±0.8‰,δ¹⁵N：9.5‰ ~10.3‰,均值10.0‰ ±0.4‰,n=3)主要以C₄类食物为生,即粟黍及其副产品饲喂的家猪和家犬。因此,西殿南遗址所在太原盆地龙山文化时期先民的生业经济以粟黍农业及家猪饲喂业为主,也对外来的牛和羊进行放养和饲喂;与处于同时期且邻近的中原腹地新砦遗址、临汾盆地的陶寺遗址和清凉寺墓地、忻定盆地的辛章遗址以及陕北地区的神圪垯梁遗址已发表的人和动物骨骼的C、N稳定同位素相关数据进行单因素方差分析发现,西殿南遗址所在太原盆地的生业经济相比略显单一,社会复杂化程度有限。