Calcium,Na, K and Mg Concentrations in Seawater by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Applications to IAPSO Seawater Reference Material,Hydrothermal Fluids and Synthetic Seawater Solutions

We report a measurement procedure to determine simultaneously the major cation concentrations (Na, Ca, K and Mg) of seawater‐derived solutions by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry. The best results were obtained when the IAPSO (‘standard’) seawater reference material was diluted by thirty times with Milli‐Q^® water. We obtained an average reference value r_K (the ratio of the mass fraction of potassium to that of chlorine, i.e., (g kg^?1)/(g kg^?1)) for IAPSO seawater of 0.0205 ± 0.0006 (2.9% RSD), not significantly different from 0.0206 ± 0.0005 (2.4% RSD) for seawater composition reported in the literature. The measured Na, Ca and Mg concentrations correspond to r_Na, r_Ca and r_Mg values of 0.5406 ± 0.0026 (0.5% RSD), 0.02192 ± 0.00048 (2.2% RSD) and 0.06830 ± 0.00047 (0.7% RSD), respectively, in line with previous values measured by wet‐chemistry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry or wet‐chemical titration. Our measurement procedure was used successfully on synthetic seawater solutions and high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids.     

Albite vein formation during exhumation of high-pressure terranes: a case study from alpine Corsica

The formation of late‐stage veins can yield valuable information about the movement and composition of fluids during uplift and exhumation of high‐pressure terranes. Albite veins are especially suited to this purpose because they are ubiquitously associated with the greenschist facies overprint in high‐pressure rocks. Albite veins in retrogressed metabasic rocks from high‐pressure ophiolitic units of Alpine Corsica (France) are nearly monomineralic, and have distinct alteration haloes composed of actinolite + epidote + chlorite + albite. Estimated P–T conditions of albite vein formation are 478 ± 31 °C and 0.37 ± 0.14 GPa. The P–T estimates and petrographic constraints indicate that the albite veins formed after the regional greenschist facies retrogression, in response to continued decompression and exhumation of the terrane. Stable isotope geochemistry of the albite veins, their associated alteration haloes and unaltered hostrocks indicates that the vein‐forming fluid was derived from the ophiolite units and probably from the metabasalts within each ophiolite slice. That the vein‐forming fluid was locally derived means that a viable source of fluid to form the veins was retained in the rocks during high‐pressure metamorphism, indicating that the rocks did not completely dehydrate. This conclusion is supported by the observation of abundant lawsonite at the highest metamorphic grades. Fluids were liberated during retrogression via decompression dehydration reactions such as those that break down hydrous high‐pressure minerals like lawsonite. Albite precipitation into veins is sensitive to the solubility and speciation of Al, which is more pressure sensitive than other factors which might influence albite vein formation such as silica saturation or Na:K fluid ratios. Hydraulic fracturing in response to fluid generation during decompression was probably the main mechanism of vein formation. The associated pressure decrease with fracturing and fluid decompression may also have been sufficient to change the solubility of Al and drive albite precipitation in fracture systems.     

江西大湖塘超大型钨矿初始岩浆流体出溶——来自似伟晶岩壳的记录

江西大湖塘地区是江南造山带中段九岭矿集区内近年查明的世界级超大型钨矿产地,白钨矿体主要呈细脉浸染状缓倾于中粗粒黑云母花岗闪长岩中。位于区内一矿带的成矿母岩顶部发育完好的似伟晶岩壳,壳层的组构特征明显,由母岩向含矿围岩,依次为似斑状黑云母花岗岩→长英质细晶岩→石英长石似伟晶岩→长石石英似伟晶岩→含白钨矿黑云母花岗闪长岩。壳内石英的阴极发光岩相学研究显示,石英巨晶、斑晶、基质和石英脉大多经历了早阶段主晶石英,中阶段扩散交代石英和晚阶段渗滤充填石英3个生长阶段。微量元素研究表明,早阶段石英的生长是一个流体加速沉淀的过程,中阶段和晚阶段流体对主晶石英均有叠加改造,其微量元素呈降低趋势。各类石英均表现为富碱金属元素、中高温（≥483℃）、低Li/Al（0.01~0.50,大多小于0.24）的地球化学特征,反映了成矿流体为岩浆水来源,石英的生长具有岩浆—热液过渡性质。综合研究表明,大湖塘一矿带似伟晶岩壳是初始含矿岩浆流体出溶的产物,其形成过程中动态的物理化学条件促进了成矿元素W由母岩向围岩搬运富集。     

扬子陆块北缘马元铅锌矿床成矿物质来源探讨: 来自C、O、H、S、Pb、Sr同位素地球化学的证据

呈层状、似层状产于震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中的马元铅锌矿床是近年来在扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。文章通过碳、氧、氢、硫、铅和锶同位素地球化学特征研究,探讨了成矿流体和成矿金属来源。研究结果表明:矿石中热液脉石矿物的δ13CPDB为-4.24‰~0.93‰,δ18OSMOW为15.92‰~23.24‰,表明成矿流体中的CO2为震旦系碳酸盐岩的溶解成因。矿石中硫化物的δ34S变化于12.94‰~19.4‰之间;硫酸盐矿物的δ34S为32.2‰~33.48‰,表明还原硫主要来自地层中海相硫酸盐的还原。矿石硫化物的铅同位素组成均一,206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为17.62~18.02、15.49~15.63和37.57~38.35,成矿金属可能主要来源于震旦系—志留系。脉石矿物石英流体包裹体的δDFI为-92‰和-113‰,如果取成矿温度200℃,根据δ18O石英值计算的相应流体包裹体的δ18O水为6.03‰~12.73‰,推测成矿流体可能起源于大气降水为主的盆地卤水,或为其他来源的流体与有机质反应形成。成矿流体87Sr/86Sr为0.70967~0.71146,高于赋矿围岩震旦系灯影组白云岩锶同位素比值(0.70890~0.70945),表明成矿流体流经了古生代地层(及基底),并与其中具有高锶同位素比值的碎屑岩、页岩和泥岩等进行了水岩反应及同位素交换。     

Chemical Analysis of Iron Meteorites Using a Hand‐Held X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

We evaluate the performance of a hand‐held XRF (HHXRF) spectrometer for the bulk analysis of iron meteorites. Analytical precision and accuracy were tested on metal alloy certified reference materials and iron meteorites of known chemical composition. With minimal sample preparation (i.e., flat or roughly polished surfaces) HHXRF allowed the precise and accurate determination of most elements heavier than Mg, with concentrations > 0.01% m/m in metal alloy CRMs, and of major elements Fe and Ni and minor elements Co, P and S (generally ranging from 0.1 to 1% m/m) in iron meteorites. In addition, multiple HHXRF spot analyses could be used to determine the bulk chemical composition of iron meteorites, which are often characterised by sulfide and phosphide accessory minerals. In particular, it was possible to estimate the P and S bulk contents, which are of critical importance for the petrogenesis and evolution of Fe‐Ni‐rich liquids and iron meteorites. This study thus validates HHXRF as a valuable tool for use in meteoritics, allowing the rapid, non‐destructive (a) identification of the extraterrestrial origin of metallic objects (i.e., archaeological artefacts); (b) preliminary chemical classification of iron meteorites; (c) identification of mislabelled/unlabelled specimens in museums and private collections and (d) bulk analysis of iron meteorites.     

陕南勉略阳地区陈家坝铜铅锌多金属矿床稀土元素地球化学特征

陕西省陈家坝铜铅锌多金属矿床是勉（县）-略（阳）-阳（平关）三角地区新发现的铜铅锌多金属矿床,通过对矿石及矿区地质体的微量与稀土元素地球化学对比分析,对陈家坝铜铅锌多金属矿床进行了成矿流体特征与成矿机制研究。研究表明,矿石富集LREE、Th/La、Nb/La、Hf/Sm值均小于1,指示成矿流体以富Cl为主。矿石的稀土元素配分曲线、微量元素蛛网图及含量类似于赋矿层位硅化白云岩,推断矿石为同生沉积成矿。矿石显示Ce负异常及Eu正异常,与海底高温热液及其沉积物的稀土元素组成和变化特征相似,反映了矿石与海底热流体及其沉积物形成过程相似,说明该区矿石形成于还原环境,成矿过程中岩浆流体、热卤水与海水组成的混合流体使其更有利于成矿。因此,认为成矿流体具有岩浆流体混合热卤水与海水的特征,流体之间的混合作用与水-岩作用是导致铜铅锌等成矿元素富集、沉淀的重要机制。     

Geology,Geochemistry, and Geochronology of the Fenghuangshan Skarn‐type Copper Deposit in the Tongling Ore Cluster,Anhui Province,East China

The Fenghuangshan skarn-type Cu deposit, Tongling Ore Cluster, Anhui Province, is an important component in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River ore-forming belt. To better understand magmatism and its relationship to mineralization, we investigated geochemical features, ore-forming fluids, and geochronology of the Xinwuli intrusion and the related Fenghuangshan Cu deposit. Lithogeochemical characteristics show that the Xinwuli quartz monzodiorite is formed by mixing magma derived from upper mantle alkaline basalt that has been contaminated by crust materials. C, H and O isotopes indicate that ore-forming fluids mainly come from the magma, with minor amounts of meteoric fluids involved at the late stage. S and Pb isotopic components indicate that ore-forming materials are derived from the mantle. Molybdenite Re–Os isotopic dating yields Re–Os model ages ranging from 139.1±2.4 Ma to 142.0±2.2 Ma, with an isochronal age of 141.1±1.4 Ma, which is consistent with sensitive, high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon U–Pb ages of quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite in the mining area. Dating analysis yields ages from 136.0±2.0 Ma to 143.0±2.4 Ma for the quartz monzodiorite (a weighted average of 139.4±1.2 Ma) and ages from 136.7±2.0 Ma to 145.3±2.4 Ma for granodiorite (a weighted average of 141.0±1.1 Ma).     

Experimental and petrological constraints on local-scale interaction of biotite-amphibole gneiss with H2O-CO2-（K, Na）Cl fluids at middle-crustal conditions： Example from the Limpopo Complex, South Africa

Reaction textures and fluid inclusions in the～2.0 Ga pyroxene-bearing dehydration zones within the Sand River biotite-hornblende orthogneisses（Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex） suggest that the formation of these zones is a result of close interplay between dehydration process along ductile shear zones triggered by H₂O-CO₂-salt fluids at 750—800℃and 5.5—6.2 kbar.partial melting,and later exsolution of residual brine and H₂O-CO₂ fluids during melt crystallization at 650—700℃.These processes caused local variations of water and alkali activity in the fluids,resulting in various mineral assemblages within the dehydration zone.The petrological observations are substantiated by experiments on the interaction of the Sand River gneiss with the H₂O-CO-2-（K,Na）Cl fluids at 750 and 800℃and 5.5 kbar.It follows that the interaction of biotite-amphibole gneiss with H₂O-CO₂-（K.Na）Cl fluids is accompanied by partial melting at 750—800℃.Orthopyroxene-bearing assemblages are characteristic for temperature 800℃and are stable in equilibrium with fluids with low salt concentrations,while salt-rich fluids produce clinopyroxene-bearing assemblages.These observations arc in good agreement with the petrological data on the dehydration zones within the Sand River orthoeneisses.     

保山镇康地块矽卡岩型铅锌矿床成因初探

保山镇康地块是"三江"南段重要的铅锌多金属成矿区之一,地质构造复杂,铅锌成矿地质条件优越,其中核桃坪与芦子园是近年发现的两个大型铅锌矿床,矿床受近NE向断裂、背斜轴部和地层控制明显,上寒武统核桃坪组与沙河床组大理岩化灰岩为主要赋矿地层,近矿围岩矽卡岩化强烈,流体包裹体,Pb、S、H、O同位素和微量元素等地球化学对比研究表明:核桃坪和芦子园铅锌矿床均经历了中温、高温两个矿化阶段;核桃坪铅锌矿床矿石铅同位素较芦子园铅锌矿床有较高的比值和较大的变化范围,均以高μ值为特征,属于放射性成因铅,暗示其成矿物质以壳源铅为主;硫化物硫同位素均多为较低正值并呈塔式分布,具有岩浆硫特征,两者均无生物硫酸盐热化学还原作用的参与,其中硫同位素分馏已达平衡;与硫化物共生的石英δDH2O(-109‰~-91‰)和δ18OH2O(-4.3‰~2.3‰)同位素研究表明核桃坪矿床成矿流体主要来自深部岩浆水,并遭受后期大气降水或地层水的混合;核桃坪矿床与芦子园矿床的微量元素具有岩浆热液型矿床特征,不同于VMS型、MVT型铅锌矿床。因此,笔者认为两个矿床应属于与深部隐伏岩体有关的中-高温矽卡岩型铅锌矿床,矿区深部隐伏岩体的侵入产生岩浆热液并携带Pb、Zn等成矿物质与地层水或大气降水混合,在背斜轴部与NE向断裂的交汇处形成该类型矿床。     

阿尔金山两侧盐湖物质来源、成钾作用及其控制因素研究

塔里木盆地东部的罗布泊盐湖和柴达木盆地西部的盐湖分别位于阿尔金山两侧,均产出有大量富钾卤水,在油气藏开采中还伴随产出富钾油田水.为探讨阿尔金山两侧盐类资源富集机制及其控制因素,综合分析了罗布泊盐湖、柴达木盆地西部盐湖以及油田水的水化学和氢氧同位素地球化学特征,发现:富钾卤水的形成除依靠地表汇入水体的蒸发浓缩作用外,罗布...