动态触发对断层亚失稳过程影响的实验研究

为探究动态应力扰动对断层亚失稳过程的影响,本文基于实验室地震研究方法,对准静态加载下的断层施加动态应力扰动,模拟不同应力状态下断层的地震动态触发过程,利用高速摄影和数字图像相关方法（DIC）观测动态触发地震的全过程.研究结果表明,当动态扰动恒定时,对于在亚失稳之前触发的事件,其破裂模式取决于初始的应力水平（τ/σ_n,剪应力/正应力）：当应力水平较低时（τ/σ_n < 0.42）,破裂发生之后无法持续传播,形成自停止破裂,破裂速度（V）相对较低;而当应力水平较高时（τ/σ_n>0.42）,断层更加接近临界状态,易产生完全破裂,破裂速度较高.整体而言,破裂长度随着初始应力水平的提高而增长,直至发生完全破裂.而当断层进入亚失稳阶段后,可以看到明显的成核阶段,在此期间施加的动态扰动均能触发整个断层的破裂.失稳时的应力降及破裂速度均高于亚失稳阶段之前的动态触发事件,甚至能触发超剪切破裂.此外,应力降（Δτ）随着初始应力水平的提高呈增加趋势.以上结果表明,动态触发地震的破裂特征与断层所处的应力状态存在对应关系.本研究系统性地揭示了动态触发地震的破裂特征,既丰富了地震亚失稳理论研究,也为利用动态触发地震的震源特征推测断层应力状态提供实验依据.

     

MERIS影像水环境遥感大气校正算法评价——以鄱阳湖叶绿素a浓度反演为例

MERIS是2002年发射的在轨运行近10年的ENVISAT-1卫星上搭载的主要传感器之一,在波段设置和辐射灵敏度等方面有非常突出的优势,能够较好地运用于Ⅱ类水体叶绿素a浓度反演,但Ⅱ类水体的大气校正仍然是亟待解决的一个关键问题.以我国第一大淡水湖——鄱阳湖为研究区域,采用FLAASH、6S、BEAM和QUAC共4种大气校正算法对2005和2011年具有同步实测光谱数据的鄱阳湖ENVISAT-1卫星MERIS影像进行大气校正处理,并对12种叶绿素a浓度反演模型的波段组合因子进行大气校正效果的对比分析.结果表明:(1)4种大气校正中,大气校正结果精度由高到低表现为FLAASH6SBEAMQUAC,平均相对误差分别为31.13%、31.88%、69.48%和42.64%;决定系数(R2)分别为0.60、0.57、0.38和0.24;(2)在12种叶绿素a浓度反演模型的波段组合因子中,FLAASH得到的结果最优,其次是6S,BEAM和QUAC最差,在FLAASH算法中,由665、708和753 nm 3个波段遥感因子((Rrs(510)/[Rrs(443)/Rrs(560)])组成的模型精度最高,平均相对误差为25.12%,R2为0.74.建议采用FLAASH大气校正结果组成这个波段组合进行鄱阳湖叶绿素a浓度反演.     

降水条件下的典型干旱区陆面特征模拟验证

利用“我国西北干旱区陆－气相互作用观测试验"在敦煌双墩子戈壁站取得的观测资料及最近的一些研究成果对陆面模式中反照率、相似性函数及地表粗糙度(动量粗糙度,标量粗糙度)3个方面的参数化方案进行了改进,然后对一次典型降水过程的陆面特征及近地层的风、温、湿进行了模拟.结果表明：改进的模式能对降水条件下的干旱区陆面特征进行较好的模拟,其中对辐射、地表温度的模拟相当好,而对能量的模拟虽然还有要改进的地方,但总体结果令人满意;另外改进后的模式对近地层的温度和湿度的模拟也有明显的改善.     

ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION FROM A SHALLOW LAKE IN CENTRAL SWEDEN BY OXYGEN-18

Lake evaporation has been estimated for a shallow lake using a combination of water and isotope mass balance, accounting for the isotopic non-steady state of lake water. The main feature of the isotope method is that inflows need not be measured. Knowledge of their isotopic content is sufficient. Oxygen-18 content, i.e. (δ¹⁸O), of lake water, inflows and outflow was measured on a weekly basis, whereas for precipitation it was monitored daily. The discharge from the lake was also recorded daily. Lake water level, relative humidity, air, and lake water surface temperatures were recorded by a logger. The weather data were recorded on a small island in the lake. It was observed that the lake is isotopically well mixed. Furthermore, the atmospheric moisture was not always in isotopic equilibrium with the precipitation. Daily lake evaporation was estimated as an average of six to eight days depending upon the field logistics. Lake evaporation varied from 0.6 to about 5.4 mm/day during the experimental period. It was found that evaporation estimates are very sensitive to small variations in δ¹⁸O of lake evaporate. Induced changes of 10% in δ¹⁸O of lake evaporate caused errors in evaporation estimates of 9–31%, while similar induced changes in δ¹⁸O of inflows caused errors of 8–18%. Thus, an accurate experimental determination of δ¹⁸O of lake evaporate is relatively more important.     

The Global Atmospheric Electrical Circuit and Climate

Evidence is emerging for physical links among clouds, global temperatures, the global atmospheric electrical circuit and cosmic ray ionisation. The global circuit extends throughout the atmosphere from the planetary surface to the lower layers of the ionosphere. Cosmic rays are the principal source of atmospheric ions away from the continental boundary layer: the ions formed permit a vertical conduction current to flow in the fair weather part of the global circuit. Through the (inverse) solar modulation of cosmic rays, the resulting columnar ionisation changes may allow the global circuit to convey a solar influence to meteorological phenomena of the lower atmosphere. Electrical effects on non-thunderstorm clouds have been proposed to occur via the ion-assisted formation of ultra-fine aerosol, which can grow to sizes able to act as cloud condensation nuclei, or through the increased ice nucleation capability of charged aerosols. Even small atmospheric electrical modulations on the aerosol size distribution can affect cloud properties and modify the radiative balance of the atmosphere, through changes communicated globally by the atmospheric electrical circuit. Despite a long history of work in related areas of geophysics, the direct and inverse relationships between the global circuit and global climate remain largely quantitatively unexplored. From reviewing atmospheric electrical measurements made over two centuries and possible paleoclimate proxies, global atmospheric electrical circuit variability should be expected on many timescales.     

A comparison between mesospheric wind measurements made near Christchurch (44°S, 173°E) using the high resolution doppler imager (HRDI) and a medium frequency (MF) radar

We report on the comparison of winds measured by a medium frequency (MF) radar near Christchurch, New Zealand, and by the high resolution doppler imager (HRDI). Previous comparisons have demonstrated that there can be significant differences in the winds obtained by the two techniques, and our results are no different. However, these data show relatively good agreement in the meridional direction, but large differences in the zonal direction, where the radar is regularly measuring the zonal wind as too easterly. To do the comparison, overpasses from the satellite must be obtained when it is close to the radar site. The radar data are averaged in time around the overpass because we know the radars sample phenomena which have spatial and temporal scales which make them invisible to HRDI. There are a limited number of overpass comparisons which limit our confidence in these results, but a detailed analysis of these data show that the proximity of the overpass is often an important factor in the differences obtained. Other factors examined include the influence of the local time of the overpass, and the amount of radar data averaged around the overpass time.     

One-dimensional numerical simulation of non-uniform sediment transport under unsteady flows

One-dimensional numerical models are popularly used in sediment transport research because they can be easily programmed and cost less time compared with two- and three-dimensional numerical models. In particular, they possess greater capacity to be applied in large river basins with many tributaries. This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical model capable of calculating total-load sediment transport. The cross-section-averaged sediment transport capacity and recovery coefficient are addressed in the suspended load model. This one-dimensional model, therefore, can be applied to fine suspended loads and to hyperconcentrated flows in the Yellow River. Moreover, a new discretization scheme for the equation of unsteady non-uniform suspended sediment transport is proposed. The model is calibrated using data measured from the Yantan Reservoir on the Hongshui River and the Sanmenxia Reservoir on the Yellow River. A comparison of the calculated water level and river bed deformation with field measurements Shows that the improved numerical model is capable of predicting flow, sediment transport, bed changes, and bed-material sorting in various situations, with reasonable accuracy and reliability.     

Aspects Of Ring Lasers As Local Earth Rotation Sensors

Ring laser rotation sensors are best known from inertial navigation, wherethey have many advantages over mechanical gyroscopes. They have recentlybeen greatly improved, and show potential as fully independent length-of-daysensors. We discuss some important aspects of current limitations in theirperformance. In particular we demonstrate a novel scheme for thestabilisation of a large ring laser against frequency pulling effectsinduced by backscatter.     

Correction factors for SSI effects predicted by simplified models: 2D versus 3D rectangular embedded foundations

The effects of soil‐structure interaction (SSI) are often studied using two‐dimensional (2D) or axisymmetric three‐dimensional (3D) models to avoid the high cost of the more realistic, fully 3D models, which require 2 to 3 orders of magnitude more computer time and storage. This paper analyzes the error and presents correction factors for system frequency, system damping, and peak amplitude of structural response computed using impedances for linear in‐plane 2D models with rectangular foundations, embedded in uniform or layered half‐space. They are computed by comparison with results for 3D rectangular foundations with the same vertical cross‐section and different aspect ratios. The structure is represented by a single degree‐of‐freedom oscillator. Correction factors are presented for a range of the model parameters. The results show that in‐plane 2D approximations overestimate the SSI effects, exaggerating the frequency shift, the radiation damping, and the reduction of the peak amplitude. The errors are larger for stiffer, taller, and heavier structures, deeper foundations, and deeper soil layer. For example, for a stiff structure like Millikan library (NS response; length‐to‐width ratio ≈ 1), the error is 6.5% in system frequency, 44% in system damping, and 140% in peak amplitude. The antiplane 2D approximation has an opposite effect on system frequency and the same effect on system damping and peak relative response. Linear response analysis of a case study shows that the NEHRP‐2015 provisions for reduction of base shear force due to SSI may be unsafe for some structures. The presented correction factor diagrams can be used in practical design and other applications.     

Generation of Interstellar Class II 72-81A^＋ and 72-81A^- Methanol Masers

New methanol maser lines at 72 → 63A^-（86.6 GHz） and 72 → 63A^＋（86.9 GHz） together with two candidate methanol maser lines at 72 → 81A-（80.99GHz） and 72→81A^＋（111.29GHz） have been detected in W3（OH）. We use a pumping mechanism, i.e., methanol masers without population inversion, to explain the formation of weak methanol masers of 72 → 81A^＋ and 72→ 81A^-. We explain well why the line-shape of the transition 72 → 81A^＋ is not typical. A similar argument can be applied to the A-type level system 72A^-, 63A^- and 81A^-, as well as to the 72 → 81A^- 80.99 GHz masers.