地球轨道根数变化与第四纪冰期

介绍了米兰柯维奇（Milankovitch)天文气候学理论和第四纪地质时期以来冰期的研究进展。研究结果表明，地球上的冰体积具有近10万yr的变化周期，并伴有近4万yr和2万yr的变化周期，它们是由于地球的轨道根数变化导致的气候变迁所致；不同的地球物理资料中均存在上述类似的变化周期，表明气候变迁所导致的变化是全球性效应，证实米兰柯维奇天文理论是基本正确的；对天文气候学理论作了简要介绍，指出了米兰柯维奇天文气候学理论的可能不足，对引起最近百万yr以来的近10万yr气候变化周期的可能天文机制也作了介绍。     

MAVIS–an upper crustal seismic refraction experiment in the Midland Valley of Scotland

The results of the Midland Valley Investigation by Seismology (MAVIS) are described. The experiment consists of three refraction profiles of between 80 and 100 km length across the Upper Palaeozoic basins of the Scottish Midland Valley.
Three refractors are recognized, thus defining four upper crustal layers. The top two layers are interpreted as Carboniferous plus Upper Old Red Sandstone, and Lower Old Red Sandstone plus Lower Palaeozoic. The structure of the refractor, an unconformity, separating the two layers mirrors surface structure. Deeper refractors, associated with Midland Valley crystalline basement, show no correlation with surface structure. The MAVIS survey allows the refinement of earlier gross interpretation of upper crustal structure in the Midland Valley, but confirms the existence of anomalously shallow (6.4 km s^–1) basement, and shows, in conjunction with results of previous work, that a large area of the central and southern Midland Valley is characterized by one velocity signature, probably indicative of a single terrane.     

Ionospheric refraction effects on radio interferometer phase

The refraction of radio waves as they traverse through the terrestrial ionosphere and troposphere introduces a differential phase path which results for a radio interferometer in variations of the visibility phase. Though refraction due to troposphere is significant for synthesis radio telescopes operating at 1.0 GHz and above, ionospheric refraction is dominant at lower frequencies. This problem is important in the case of Ooty Synthesis Radio Telescope (OSRT) operating at 326.5 MHz, due to its proximity to the magnetic equator. This paper deals with the nature of phase variations suffered by OSRT due to refraction and explains the methodology evolved to alleviate them.     

Phaseless VLBI mapping of compact extragalactic radio sources

The problem of phaseless aperture synthesis is of current interest in phase-unstable VLBI with a small number of elements when either the use of closure phases is not possible (a two-element interferometer) or their quality and number are not enough for acceptable image reconstruction by standard adaptive calibration methods. Therefore, we discuss the problem of unique image reconstruction only from the spectrum magnitude of a source. We suggest an efficient method for phaseless VLBI mapping of compact extragalactic radio sources. This method is based on the reconstruction of the spectrum magnitude for a source on the entire UV plane from the measured visibility magnitude on a limited set of points and the reconstruction of the sought-for image of the source by Fienup's method from the spectrum magnitude reconstructed at the first stage. We present the results of our mapping of the extragalactic radio source 2200+420 using astrometric and geodetic observations on a global VLBI array. Particular attention is given to studying the capabilities of a two-element interferometer in connection with the putting into operation of a Russian-made radio interferometer based on Quasar RT-32 radio telescopes.     

三角高程测量中大气折光影响的分析

大气折光是测绘领域数据采集时的主要误差来源之一。本文从大气折射率与大气密度的关系入手,论述了大气折光的两种形式,详细分析了大气折光对天顶距测量和光电测距的影响,进一步论证了在温度梯度逆转时刻进行观测可以有效地削弱大气折光误差对测量结果的影响。     

浅谈高等级三角高程测量在水电工程高程测量中的应用

水电工程一般建在深山峡谷中,陡坎多、高差大,不利于几何水准测量。三角高程测量不受地形起伏限制,外业测量工作量小、速度快,作业人员少,在水电工程低精度高程测量中应用广泛。怎样提高三角高程测量精度,一直是大家关注的问题。本文介绍了溪洛渡水电站三角高程测量的实践经验供大家借鉴。     

二十四史天象记录与陈垣历表的朔闰差异

对二十四史及《清史稿》帝纪和天文志中的全部天象记录进行了整理和计算验证,发现其中历日朔闰与陈垣《二十史朔闰表》不合27例。汇集这样的例证,对于恢复中国古代完整的实行历表,是至关重要的。     

Automated probabilistic classification of transients and variables

There is an increasing number of large, digital, synoptic sky surveys, in which repeated observations are obtained over large areas of the sky in multiple epochs. Likewise, there is a growth in the number of (often automated or robotic) follow‐up facilities with varied capabilities in terms of instruments, depth, cadence, wavelengths, etc., most of which are geared toward some specific astrophysical phenomenon. As the number of detected transient events grows, an automated, probabilistic classification of the detected variables and transients becomes increasingly important, so that an optimal use can be made of follow‐up facilities, without unnecessary duplication of effort. We describe a methodology now under development for a prototype event classification system; it involves Bayesian and Machine Learning classifiers, automated incorporation of feedback from follow‐up observations, and discriminated or directed follow‐up requests. This type of methodology may be essential for the massive synoptic sky surveys in the future. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)