遥感考古在安徽的实践

为了查清寿春古城以及皖南土墩墓和台形遗址的范围和分布规律，1987年和1996年分另4对这两个地区进行了遥感考古，不仅达到了预期目的并发现了皖南西周时期古城址，获得多项重要成果，展示出遥感考古优势和良好的发展前景。通过实践，无论是对局部小区域还是对大范围的遥感考古，都取得一定经验。在此基础上，逐渐探索出一套适合安徽特点的遥感考古工作方法，为在安徽考古和文物保护工作中系统地开展遥感考古创造了条件。     

Volcanology,history and myths of the Lake Albano maar (Colli Albani volcano,Italy)

The polygenetic Albano maar is the most recent centre of the Colli Albani volcano, located just few kilometres to the south-east of Roma. Presently the maar hosts a 167.5 m deep crater lake, the deepest in Europe. The maar is to be considered quiescent, as phreatic activity is documented throughout the Holocene. This paper illustrates the close relationships between the activity of the maar and the history of settlement in the Roman region as recorded in the geology, archaeology, history and legends of the area. Severe fluctuations of the groundwater table and catastrophic overflows of the Lake Albano from the maar rim had occurred prior to and after the early prehistoric settlements dated in the maar area at the Eneolithic times (ca. III millennium B.C.). Repeated lahars occurred along the northwestern slope of the maar filling in the paleodrainage network and forming a vast plain. Paleohydraulic analyses on fluvial and lahar deposits originated from the Holocene phreatic activity of the Albano maar indicate sediment–water flows in excess of hundreds of cubic metres per second. Absolute age determinations of the paleosoil underlying one of the most recent deposits of the lahar succession at 5800 ± 100 yr B.P. (¹⁴C CAL) are in perfect agreement with the age of the overlying Eneolithic age settlements. The last catastrophic overflow is described in the Roman literature as a consequence of the anger of Poseidon against the Romans in 398 B.C. for their war against the Etruscans. In 394 B.C. the Romans decided to prevent the repetition of such events by the excavation through the maar crater wall of a 1.5 km long drain tunnel, which is still operational, keeping the lake 70 m below the lowest point of the maar rim. This tunnel drain may be regarded as the first prevention device for volcanic hazard in history and shows an unprecedented development of the engineering technology under the pressure of hazard perception. The surprising and still largely unknown results of this study are very important to redefine the hazard of the Roman region.     

Episodic fluid movements in superimposed basin:Combined evidence from outcrop and fluid inclusions of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir,Guizhou Province

Combined evidence from the outcrop and the fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) analysis indicates that there exist two episodes of fluid flow controlled by the tectonic activity. The first episode was recorded mainly in the reservoir rock of the Honghuayuan Formation,representing the fluid flow of hydrocarbon charging. The second episode occurred mainly along the fault systems,representing the fluid move-ment when the ancient oil reservoir was destroyed. The host mineral morphology,homogeneous tem-perature,and salinity of the FIAs record an episodic fluid movement. Characters of high homogenous temperature,low salinity and a quick temperature variation of the first episode fluid flow may indicate an early-stage fluid eruption,and correspondingly,fine-grained calcite was formed. Temperature of the erupted fluid tended to decrease during its mixing with the upper formation fluid and finally had the same temperature as the upper formation. From then on,the temperature was rather steady and fa-vored the growth of the coarse calcite. Due to this character of the temperature variation of the episodic fluid flow,we can use the homogenous temperature of the FIA of the coarse calcite to date the forma-tion and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir. Episodic fluid flow was known for its inhomogeneous trapping,which resulted in the failure of dating according to the burial history. But taking a close look at its temperature variation,we think that the latest stage of fluid flow,characterized by steady state temperature and grow of the coarser crystals,can be used for dating. It will be of great value if this method is proved to be effective. The formation and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir were dated to be in the Indosinian Period and the late Yanshan-early Hymalayan Period respectively. This conclusion is in great discrepancy with the common accepted idea that the Majiang ancient oil reservoir was formed and destroyed during the Caledonian tectonic movement. Even so,this paper further discussed its reliability from the view of the source rock evolution and also the local tectonic evolution.     

PS材料加固土遗址风蚀试验研究

风蚀是西北干旱地区土遗址破坏的主要动力机制和成因,强烈的风蚀作用致使许多土遗址坍塌殆尽,导致这一不可再生资源的破坏。通过对土遗址的室内和现场风蚀模拟试验研究发现,经PS（高模数硅酸钾）材料加固后土遗址的抗风蚀能力明显增强。室内试验发现,风蚀量随风速的增长而增加、随风蚀时间延长近线性增长,PS材料浓度大于5 %的加固试样,即使风速达20 m/ s时,风蚀量均小20 (kg/ m2)•h,抗风蚀强度提高 6～10 倍。现场模拟试验结果表明,加固材料的入渗深度和用量直接影响加固效果,中浓度PS材料加固的墙面抗风蚀能力最强。因此,选择适当的PS材料浓度、提高加固材料的渗透力是土遗址保护加固的关键,将对西北地区土遗址科学保护的全面开展起到重要的指导作用。     

长江三峡地区全新世环境演变及其古文化响应

依据长江三峡地区大九湖和玉溪剖面AMS14C测年数据(校正为日历年)建立了约9.3～2ka BP高分辨率多环境代用指标(δ13C、K、腐殖化度、抱粉总浓度、Rb、Sr及Rb/Sr)的变化曲线,并在此基础上与研究区周边反映全新世气候环境变化的不同沉积记录进行综合对比分析.与此同时,本文还通过对研究区古遗址和古洪水层的统计分析,获取了本区新石器以来古文化兴衰变迁和古洪水发生的完整信息.研究结果表明:(1)本区全新世大暖期约出现在7.6～4 ka BP.9.3～7.6 ka BP,本区气候极不稳定,波动幅度大,总体上冷湿,多次出现显著的降温或干旱事件(9.1、8.2和7.7 ka BP前后);4～2 ka BP,本区气候较此前偏干凉,且波动频繁.(2)7.6～ka BP的大暖期分为三个演变阶段:即6～5 ka BP为大暖期的鼎盛期,气候稳定,温暖湿润,植被及生态条件优越,洪水发生频率低;7.6～6 ka BP和5～4 ka BP为大暖期中具有不稳定特征的过渡期,其中5～4 ka BP及4 ka BP前后的降温事件仍较显著,且多发洪水.(3)本区史前古文化的主要形成发展期与大暖期持续阶段相对应,其中耕作业相对发达的大溪文化繁荣期出现在大暖期中的鼎盛阶段(约6～5 ka BP),大溪文化前后处于低潮及表现为衰退现象的古文化则对应气候环境的不稳定期,总体上,研究区古文化响应气候环境变化的主要方式是通过改变其生业结构的途径来实现的.     

乡村景观遗产地保护性旅游开发模式研究——以浙江龙门古镇为例

近年来,伴随旅游市场生态、文化诉求的日益增强,世界范围内乡村景观遗产旅游备受青睐。中国广袤的地理环境空间中拥有丰富多彩的乡村景观遗产资源,正在成为推动现阶段特色化乡村旅游业发展的重要力量。然而,快速发展的旅游产业也引发了遗产地过度商业化、超负荷接待等问题,威胁到遗产保护和可持续利用。以浙江龙门古镇为例,在借鉴传统开发模式相关经验的基础上,构建了一种保护性旅游开发模式,以实现保护前提下乡村景观遗产资源的合理开发和有效利用。     

沉积物的地震及古地震效应*

古地震是依据地层中保留的沉积物变形记录而确定的。系统归纳总结地震诱发沉积物变形将为古地震研究提供理论基础,也有助于野外调查辨认这些记录。作者提出了一个初步的、供讨论与补充修正的地震触发沉积物变形分类的方案。变形的成因机制是分类的基础。这些特殊沉积物变形主要与地震有关,但其中一些变形往往也受其他多种因素的影响,因此要确定地震成因变形必须详尽研究相关的区域地质背景构造。     

布达拉宫西印经院地基应力特征与结构变形分析

世界各国在文物建筑保护领域形成共识的技术标准非常有限,而岩土工程研究与文物建筑保护研究的融合是目前斜坡岩体古建筑保护研究的一个发展方向。在世界文化遗产布达拉宫西印经院保护研究的过程中,采用岩土工程和结构工程技术手段,对红山岩体及结构主体进行调研和勘察,揭示了影响该文物建筑结构稳定的三个因素,即斜坡岩体地基非均质性、建筑物刚度具有较大差异性和结构荷载分布的不均匀性。进一步分析了地基中的应力分布特征,模拟研究了三个因素综合影响下的地基沉降及结构变形力学机制,为斜坡岩体古建筑的保护提供依据。     

一条Rodinia山脉——震旦纪的喜马拉雅山

笔者首次将海拔高度的概念及现代冰川理论 ,并结合古地磁资料 ,提出罗圈冰期时古天山 -秦岭山脉是一条大约位于赤道 -北回归线之间、由众多高山组成的 ,且许多山峰至少在 4 0 0 0m以上 ,已形成冰川、或许局部地区存在冰原的山脉 ,总的地理特征类似于今天的喜马拉雅山脉。而华北地块和库鲁克塔格地块是高原或平原 ,此二地块的南边是海域。古秦岭的南坡是现代秦岭的北坡。冰川融化时冰水携带的冰碛物向南流入海 ,所以华北地块上无冰碛物存在大地构造上 ,晋宁期以前 ,上述各地块相互独立。震旦纪时它们开始发生作用 ,秦岭地块和阿克苏—乌什地块分别向华北地块与库鲁克塔格地块汇聚 ,引起后者上升 ,逐渐发展成为山脉。至震旦纪末期 ,山脉上升到 4 0 0 0m以上 ,形成冰川。此后 ,山脉被剥蚀夷平 ,至寒武纪初 ,华北、库鲁克塔格两地块又降到海平面之下接受沉积 ,该山脉消亡。由此我们恢复了新元古代超大陆一条造山带 ,并推测新元古宙末期华北、华南、塔里木三大地块曾经汇聚在一起     

宁夏滥泥河流域古滑坡地貌对村落建设及农业土地利用的正面影响

在野外调查和时、空对比的基础上,分析了宁夏监泥河流域古滑坡地貌与村落建设、水利工程及农业土地利用的关系。结果发现：由于滑坡能改变原地形地貌,它在某种程度上成为当地塑新地貌资源的驱动力,当古滑坡体稳定后,为村落建设和农业利用提供了大量优质的土地,并为修建水库提供了许多优良坝址,这一结果,为辩证认识滑坡灾害,合理利于古滑坡体提供了新素材。