江苏火电厂循环水冷却塔设计湿球温度稳定性研究

基于现行工业循环水冷却塔设计标准中设计湿球温度计算存在的问题开展针对性研究,根据江苏省13座气象站1961—2013年炎热季逐日气象观测要素,利用傅里叶线谱和小波变换两种周期分析方法,揭示出设计湿球温度具有2 a、6 a、9 a及13 a的年周期性特征;进而通过分析各站不同起算年以及不同样本长度的资料对设计湿球温度计算的影响,探讨了设计湿球温度对资料年限长度的敏感性特征。在此基础上,综合考虑湿球温度的周期性变化与火电厂各代表容量发电机组运行费用,对江苏省境内火电厂不同代表容量机组设计湿球温度计算分别给出了最佳资料年限推荐值。     

Forecasting of chlorophyll-a concentrations in South San Francisco Bay using five different models

Accurate and reliable eutrophication level forecasting models are necessary for characterizing complicated water quality processes in bays. In this study, the ability of coupled discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with artificial neural network (ANN) and multi linear regression (MLR) (WANN and WMLR), ANN, MLR and genetic algorithm-support vector regression (GA-SVR) models for chlorophyll-a level forecasting applications were considered. The data used to develop and validate the models were monthly chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) data recorded from January 1994 to December 2013 were obtained from the NO.36 station located in the South San Francisco bay, USA. In the proposed WANN and WMLR models, the observed time series of Chl-a were decomposed to sub time series at different scales by DWT. Afterwards, the sub time series were used as input data to the ANN and MLR systems to predict the 1 month ahead Chl-a. Also the genetic algorithm was linked to SVR models to search for the optimal SVR parameters. The relative performance of the proposed models was compared together and the results showed that the WANN models were found to provide more accurate monthly Chl-a forecasts compared to the other models. The determination coefficient was 0.87, −0.04, 0.31, −2.36 and 0.24 for the WANN, WMLR, ANN, MLR and GA-SVR models, respectively. In addition, the WANN model predicted extreme Chl-a values precisely. The results indicate that the WANN models are a promising new method for eutrophication level forecasting in bays such as those found in South San Francisco Bay.     

应用3种方法对降水在各尺度空间不均匀性的分离

利用滑动平均、傅里叶分解和小波分析3种方法,对基于COMRPH高分辨卫星降水资料的中国区域2004—2009年夏季平均降水场进行尺度分离,分析了1 000 km以上、500~1 000 km,200~500 km、64~200 km及64 km以下的5个尺度上的降水空间不均匀性,比较了3种方法在降水空间尺度分离上的优缺点和适用范围,并着重分析了长三角地区降水在各尺度空间的不均匀性及其成因。结果表明：空间尺度分离可以得到具有物理意义的降水非均匀分布特征,可以反映出大尺度海陆分布和季风环流、地形、洋流以及城市和城市群等不同尺度因子对降水的影响。空间滑动平均方法简单、易操作,适用性广泛,但是精确度较低。傅里叶分解能进行解析的分离,但是依赖于信号的平稳性,对于小尺度分离存在较大误差。小波分解则可以对非平稳信号进行处理,且具有较好的细节分辨能力。     

基于提升小波的影像变换与匹配

从第二代小波即小波提升方法出发,研究了一种反对称小波的影像变换算法、导出了其更新函数,并与线性提升算法进行了比较,结果表明,该算法不仅具有在位计算的特性,而且能够更好地突出影像边缘特征,为影像匹配提供了丰富的信息。在实时影像匹配中,同时采用了低频信息和高频分量,构成了多窗口匹配算法,试验证明,该算法能够提高匹配的效率和可靠性。     

秘鲁蓝色蛋白石矿物学性质及致色机理初探

近年来蓝色蛋白石的研究仅限于矿物成分及致色机理,并未对其化学成分、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等开展较为深入的分析。本文在前人的研究基础上,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、电子探针分析(EMPA)、紫外可见分光光谱、拉曼光谱等技术对样品的振动光谱、官能团表征、矿物组成及呈色机理进行研究。研究结果表明:蓝色蛋白石的主要组成矿物为非晶态蛋白石,且振动光谱与天然蛋白石存在一定程度的频率位移。EMPA分析结果显示蓝色蛋白石主要元素为Si和Cu,且紫外可见分光光谱表征为742 nm附近一吸收强度较高的宽谱带。综合电子探针和紫外可见吸收光谱的测试结果得出,蓝色蛋白石的致色元素为Cu,在其内部呈典型平面正方形结构的[Cu~(2+)(H_2O)_4]~(2+),且Cu含量与其蓝色的体色存在一定的正相关性,即随着Cu含量增加蓝色体色更加浓艳。     

Characterization of Coherent structures in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

The ramplike coherent structures, observed in the temporal series of temperature and humidity in the atmospheric surface layer, are analyzed using the intermittency function and the wavelet transforms, with Haar, D4 and Mexican Hat functions as mother wavelets, in order to find the most efficient conditional sampling technique. It was found that the intermittency function and the wavelet transform, using Mexican Hat as mother wavelet, are the only ones that sample structures that fulfill the ramplike coherent structures definition of a slow rise followed by a sudden drop in the temporal series. The conditionally averaged structures detected by both techniques were similar for temperature, humidity, and vertical velocity at heights of 3, 5, and 9.4 m. Significant discrepancies were found among the conditional averaged structures detected by both techniques for zonal and meridional components of the wind at 11.5 m. Considering both techniques, it was observed that the averagedcoherent-structure duration ranged from 23.7 ± 0.5 s to 37.8 ± 3.0 s. Furthermore, the averaged number of events per 20-minute period ranged from 20.0 ± 1.0 to 28.5 ± 1.1, and the averaged intermittency factor from 45.0 ± 0.4% to 59.1 ± 1.3%. It was also observed that the averaged duration of the ramplike coherent structures increases with height, while their intensity, number, and intermittency factor decrease. Despite the good matching obtained for temperature and humidity, the coherent-structure properties did not show the expected variation with wind speed, stability parameter, and friction velocity. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicated that the intermittent function and the wavelet transform did not detect coherent structures belonging to the same population.     

近300年来中国西部气候的干湿变化

利用冰川积累量和树木年轮代用资料，分析了中国西部地区近300年来气候干湿变化的时空特征。中国西部气候干湿变化存在显著的准70年尺度的周期变化。准30年和准110年尺度的周期变化在大部分地区也较显著。在准70年尺度的干湿变化中，1850年前，高原东部和新疆在干湿变化上基本同步，可划分到一个湿度带中，这就和高原西部有了一种偶极子的位相关系。在1850年后，这种位相型有些变化，新疆渐渐的和高原西部的位相趋于一致，但这个同位相关系不如1850年前新疆和高原东部的同位相关系那么好。这时候应该重新把高原西部和新疆划分到一个湿度带中，高原东部作为另一个湿度带，两者之间成为一种偶极子的关系。在最近十几年，似乎高原东西部又合为一个湿度带，而与新疆成偶极子的关系。但由于小波分析所固有的边界效应的影响，这一可靠性是值得怀疑，不过这三者之间两两组合的偶极子关系的漂移倒是一个有意思的研究方面。110年尺度的干湿变化中，青藏高原主体部分及华山地区为一个干湿分布一致的湿度带。1850年以前整个高原和新疆地区在准110年尺度上存在着比较一致的干湿变化，而19世纪末期突变发生后，高原北部和新疆地区的干湿变化存在偶极子的位相关系。在准30年时间尺度的干湿变化中，高原和新疆地区的干湿变化基本一致。     

Advanced Combination Of Spectral And Wavelet Analysis (`Spavelet' Analysis)

An advanced statistical approach named ``spavelet analysis' is described. The proposed technique combines conventional spectral and wavelet analyses to yield information about duration and periodicity of a phenomenon. The procedure consists in estimation of spectra of the wavelet coefficients at different wavelet scales. Graphic presentation of the calculated spectra in the form of a contour plot versus period and wavelet temporal scale clearly shows the predominant repetition period and durationof the analysed phenomenon. The efficiency of this technique is demonstrated using as examples both model and real atmospheric processes. This approach can have wide practical applications, being a useful tool to analyse not only atmospheric phenomena, but any kinds of random events having some certain duration and periodicity.     

近九十年吉林省松辽平原作物生长季气温变化的小波分析

利用功率谱、小波分析及突变分析方法分析了以长春站为代表的吉林省松辽平原作物生长季（５～９月）平均气温近９０ａ的变化,结果表明其存在３ａ左右的甚低频振荡,１５ａ和６０ａ左右两个主要长周期振荡,从本世纪２０年代初期到５０年代初期处于暖阶段,从５０年代初期到７０年代末期为冷阶段,从７０年代末期至９０年代中期又处于暖阶段内。预计现在所处的暖阶段将持续到２０１０年左右。由突变分析结果表明,吉林省松辽平原作物生长季平均气温具有明显的阶段性变化,其各冷暖阶段同小波分析的结果具有很好的一致性,在作物生长季内月平均气温的变化有突变发生。在近期气温变化呈上升趋势。     

青藏高原感热通量的变化及与江淮流域降水异常的关系

利用1979—2010年NCEP-R2再分析资料和全国586站降水资料, 对青藏高原感热通量进行小波变换和EOF分析, 并研究了它与江淮流域降水的关系。结果发现:高原感热通量具有2 a和8 a的变化周期。空间分布上主要有东、西反相变化和南、北反相变化以及全区一致性变化3种形态。高原感热通量与江淮流域降水异常的同期相关中, 1998年以来, 春季高原东部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大, 与此同期江淮流域降水偏少;夏季西藏西部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大, 与此同期江淮流域降水偏多。两者超前相关中, 江淮流域降水对春季的感热通量变化最敏感。1998年以来, 当春季高原东南部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大时, 江淮流域的夏季降水偏多, 秋季降水偏少;当春季高原感热通量东部偏小, 西部偏大时, 江淮流域的冬季降水以长江为界南多北少, 次年春季降水偏少。