涡旋成矿作用

帚状和环状矿脉带在大型超大型热液矿床中是最常见的,这两种矿脉带的分布形式与流体力学中涡旋结构的外带(螺旋带)和内带(环状带)相对应。根据上述特征,作者提出涡旋成矿作用的概念:成矿溶液在科里奥利力的作用下旋转上升,有选择地充填断裂和裂隙,从而形成帚状和环状矿脉带。     

“6·30”川渝特大暴雨过程中西南低涡发展机制模拟分析

利用地面加密自动站、NCEP(1°×1°)再分析及WRF-ARW数值模拟资料,对造成2013年6月29日至7月1日川渝地区特大暴雨过程的西南低涡的演变特征及热动力机制进行了诊断分析。此次特大暴雨过程分为三个阶段,其中与西南低涡发展相关的第二阶段为主要降雨时段。结果表明:(1)西南低涡生成后,呈现增强-减弱-再次增强的波动性演变特征,在6月30日上午和夜间分别经历了两次显著的涡度发展过程,并在第二次发展过程中达到最强。(2)低空辐合是西南低涡最主要的涡源,由低空辐合导致的正涡度增加近乎贯穿于整个西南低涡的生命史。在西南低涡的第二次发展过程中,中层辐合和涡度的垂直输送显著增强,也是西南低涡的重要涡源。(3)负值非平衡动力强迫激发了低空辐合的增长,在非平衡动力强迫的各项中,位势高度的拉普拉斯项为非平衡动力强迫提供了主要的负贡献来源。(4)非绝热加热先于西南低涡而增强,两者间的正反馈作用可能是西南低涡波动性发展的重要机制。在关闭了微物理过程中的潜热和地面潜热及感热通量的敏感性试验中,西南低涡及降雨的模拟均有不同程度的减弱。     

On the interaction of a solitary wave and a submerged dike

The unsteady, two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations and the exact free surface boundary conditions were solved to study the interaction of a solitary wave and a submerged dike. A piston-type wavemaker was set up in the computational domain to produce the incident solitary waves. The incident wave and the associated boundary layer flow in a wave tank with a flat bed were compared with the analytical solutions to verify the accuracy of this numerical scheme. Effects of the incident wave height and the size of the dike on the wave transformation, the flow fields, and the drag forces on the dike were discussed. Our numerical results showed that even though the induced local shear stress on the top surface of the dike is large at some particular locations, the resultant pressure drag is much larger than the friction drag. The primary vortex generated at the lee side of the dike and the secondary vortex at the right toe of the dike may scour the bottom and cause a severe problem for the dike.     

Pulsatile vortex generators for low-speed maneuvering of small underwater vehicles

Compact zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators are proposed for low-speed maneuvering and station keeping of small underwater vehicles.¹ The flow field of such jets are initially dominated by vortex ring formation. Pinched-off vortices characterize the extremum impulse accumulated by the leading vortex ring in a vortex ring formation process. Relevant parameters in this process are identified in order to design simple and low cost zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators. Thrust optimization of synthetic jets for maximal thrust generation is achieved by enforcing the jet formation number to be around 4. Prototypes of such actuators are built and tested for underwater maneuvering and propulsion. The actuators could be used in two ways: (i) to improve the low-speed maneuvering and station keeping capabilities of traditional propeller driven underwater vehicles, and (ii) as a synthetic jet for flow control and drag reduction at higher cruising speeds. A model for calculating the rotation rate of the underwater vehicle is also proposed and verified.     

Vortex erosion in a shallow water model of the polar vortex

The erosion of a model stratospheric polar vortex in response to bottom boundary forcing is investigated numerically. Stripping of filaments of air from the polar vortex has been implicated in the occurrence of stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) but it is not understood in detail what factors determine the rate and amount of stripping. Here a shallow water vortex forced by topography is used to investigate the factors initiating stripping and whether this leads the vortex to undergo an SSW. It is found that the amplitude of topographic forcing must exceed some threshold (of order 200–450 m) in order for significant stripping to occur. For larger forcing amplitudes significant stripping occurs, but not as an instantaneous response to the forcing; rather, the forcing appears to initiate a process that ultimately results in stripping several tens of days later. There appears to be no simple quantitative relationship between the amount of mass stripped and the topography amplitude. However, at least over the early stages of the experiments, there is a good correlation between the amount of mass stripped and the global integral of wave activity, which may be interpreted as a measure of the accumulated topographic forcing. Finally there does not appear to be a simple correspondence between amount of mass stripped and the occurrence of an SSW.     

近55年东北冷涡与辽西地区降水关系分析

利用1961—2015年辽宁省西部地区18个测站月降水量资料和东北地区209个测站1961—2015年月平均气温资料、NOAA重建的月平均海表温度资料以及88项大气环流指数、26项海温指数资料定义了适用于辽西地区的夏季标准化东北冷涡强度指数(NECVI)和冷涡降水预报因子,并对东北冷涡和辽西冷涡降水进行详细分析,结果表明:近55年,辽西地区冷涡降水夏季和年贡献率整体趋势较稳定,无明显变化,表现出18年左右的显著振荡周期。东北冷涡偏强年,NECVI指数偏大,标准化降水指数(SPI)偏高,对应辽西地区降水偏多;反之,东北冷涡偏弱年,NECVI指数偏小,SPI指数偏低,对应辽西地区降水偏少。前期3月Nino 3区海表温度距平指数、5月黑潮区海温指数、3月西太平洋副高强度指数均与辽西冷涡降水显著相关,具有较好的指示意义,可作为冷涡降水的预报因子,为辽西夏季气候预测和人工影响天气工作的开展提供参考。     

青藏高原夏季地面感热通量与高原低涡生成的可能联系

利用NCEP/NCAR地面感热通量再分析格点资料以及MICAPS天气图资料识别的高原低涡资料集,分析了1981—2010年青藏高原夏季地面感热通量线性倾向分布的空间分布特征,重点讨论了夏季高原地面感热通量与同期高原低涡生成频数的可能联系尤其是空间相关性。结果表明,近30 a夏季感热通量的线性倾向分布具有区域性差异,感热减少趋势在高原分布较广且负值中心明显,感热增加主要分布在高原西北部和东部。夏季地面感热通量与同期高原低涡生成频数呈高度正相关;感热通量强年,高原主体东部地区低层呈气旋式环流,高层为辐散气流,高原上空上升气流偏强,感热通量弱年的情形与之相反。地面感热加热强度与高原低涡的生成频数在空间上有明显联系。     

近10 a中亚低涡背景下新疆短时强降水环境场分析

为更好地把握中亚低涡造成新疆短时强降水天气过程的机理特征,为新疆短时强降水预报预警提供参考和依据,利用FNL资料、探空资料等,运用天气学原理、动力诊断分析方法等,研究了中亚低涡系统不同部位发生的三类短时强降水的环境场特征及环流配置。结论表明：（1）短时强降水发生在500 hPa中亚低涡前部西南气流下为最多。（2） A指数在新疆地区短时强降水降水预报中意义不大。（3）中亚低涡背景下新疆短时强降水天气的配置一般属于高空冷平流强迫类。（4）三类短时强降水形势配置的共性：在低涡背景下,对流层中高层都有显著气流存在,低空有切变线存在,近地面往往有辐合线,700 hPa左右往往有湿舌。异性：第I类短时强降水湿度条件较好,第Ⅱ类短时强降水高低空温差较大,第Ⅲ类短时强降水垂直风切变较强。     

夏季青藏高原地面热源和高原低涡生成频数的日变化

通过1981—2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析出夏季青藏高原地面热源具有强烈的日变化,白天高原是强热源,夜间高原地面转变为弱热汇,日较差可达420 W·m~(-2),呈由西向东递减分布。其中地面感热和潜热加热的日变化均十分明显,日较差分别可达300 W·m~(-2)和200 W·m~(-2);感热加热的日变幅由西北向东南递减,而潜热加热由南向北递减。同时,利用人工识别的高原低涡数据集初步分析了夏季高原低涡生成频数的日变化,发现夜间生成的高原低涡频数略高于白天,其中00 UTC的低涡源地主要在西藏那曲和林芝(工布江达),12 UTC低涡源地主要在西藏那曲和青海玉树。     

Experimental investigation on the flow induced vibration of an equilateral triangle prism in water

A series of flow induced vibration (FIV) experiments for an equilateral triangle prism elastically mounted in a water channel are performed with different system stiffness at constant damping and mass. An amplitude variation coefficient is proposed to describe FIV stationarity in the present study. The FIV of the prism can be divided into three primary regions based on the amplitude and frequency responses, which are the vortex induced vibration (VIV) branch, the transition branch from VIV to galloping, and the galloping branch. The transition branch occurs at the reduced velocity in the range of 7.8 < U_r = U/(f_n,air·D) < 10.4, accompanied with a relatively rapid increase in amplitude and a precipitous drop in frequency and vibration stationarity. In addition, the reduced velocity where the transition region is initiated is independent of the system stiffness. The maximum amplitude reaches 3.17 D in the galloping branch. The ratio of the response frequency to the natural frequency of the prism in air remains locked to approximately 0.65 throughout the fully developed galloping branch. Large amplitude responses in an infinite range of flow velocities, excellent vibration stationarity and steady vibration frequencies, which are characteristics of the galloping of the prism, have a positive impact on improving energy conversion.