一次弓形回波结构和演变机制的观测分析

基于单多普勒天气雷达观测和双多普勒雷达反演风场,对2009年6月3日河南商丘发生的一次弓形回波的结构和演变机制进行细致分析。系统发生前的环境均具有中等对流有效位能和中等偏弱低空垂直风切变。雷达分析显示,该弓形回波从超级单体开始,经过风暴合并发展而成的经典弓形回波结构,生命史约3 h。在超级单体阶段,具有中纬度典型超级单体的低层钩状回波、中层有界弱回波区和中气旋结构。超级单体减弱后,因强降水拖曳和降水蒸发冷却,引起云内强的下沉运动,将云外干冷空气带到云内,形成中层后方入流,并在地面形成强冷池,触发干冷后向入流,回波逐渐演化成为弓形。弓形回波成熟阶段,风暴相对后向入流急流在对流区后部2 km高度加速下沉,系统前沿增强至20 m·s^-1。在中层,系统后侧南北两端形成气旋和反气旋涡旋对,此中层涡旋对后向入流强度贡献约20%。在系统前缘低层（1.5 km）、出流边界附近,存在一气旋式涡旋。受后向入流急流和此低层涡旋的共同作用,在顶点附近产生超过32 m·s^-1的最大地面相对风速。至减弱期,低层出流扩展至系统前方20 km,截断了低层暖湿入流,使其快速减弱。     

Large-scale conditions of Tibet Plateau vortex departure

Based on the circumfluence situation of the out- and in-Tibet Plateau Vortex (TPV) from 1998-2004 and its weather-influencing system,multiple synthesized physical fields in the middle-upper troposphere of the out- and in-TPV are computationally analyzed by using re-analysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) of United States.Our research shows that the departure of TPV is caused by the mutual effects among the weather systems in Westerlies and in the subtropical area,within the middle and the upper troposphere.This paper describes the large-scale meteorological condition and the physics image of the departure of TPV,and the main differences among the large-scale conditions for all types of TPVs.This study could be used as the scientific basis for predicting the torrential rain and the floods caused by the TPV departure.     

Laboratory measurements of vortex-induced sediment pickup rates

In the present study,vortices were generated in open channel flow with a cross-flow cylinder installed horizontally near the bed.Sediment pickup rates were then measured over the channel bed downstream the cylinder using a sediment lift.The experimental data show that the pickup rate increases exponentially in the presence of vortices.Two different relationships can be clearly observed between the pickup rate and the maximum root-mean-square (rms) value of the streamwise velocity fluctuation,one for the cylinder-obstructed flow and the other for the unobstructed flow.The results imply that the vortex-induced sediment pickup cannot be explained based on the traditional boundary layer theory.     

一次沙尘暴过程的数值模拟和层结条件分析

利用滤纸色斑法对2008年7月17日山西省一次低涡云系影响下的汾阳、介休2站的降水雨滴谱进行观测,分析了此次层积混合云降水的云系宏观特征、地面雨滴微物理结构的平均特征和连续演变特征,并对手动雨滴谱、自动雨滴谱仪观测估算雨强与自动雨量计实测雨强进行了对比分析。     

海河流域夏季降水关键区季内演变及其环流配置的定量化分析

海河流域夏季降水的空间分布具有明显的季节内变化特征,利用海河流域148个地面气象台站逐日降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了流域夏季各月降水关键区的分布变化以及与其对应的大气环流系统的季内配置差异,并定量计算了主要环流系统对季内各月关键区降水的影响作用大小。结果表明：海河流域夏季降水关键区稳定表现出一种季节内变化,即以海河流域东北部滦河和北三河下游台站降水贡献率最大值区为轴心,从初夏（6月）至盛夏（7月和8月）,降水关键区在季节内呈顺时针移动,由海河流域东北部移至流域东部和南部再移至流域东部和中部。初夏,东北冷涡活动对流域关键区降水影响最显著,相对贡献率达69.6%;盛夏7月,流域关键区降水异常主要和西太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）脊线位置有关,其相对贡献率在60%以上;8月,西太副高脊线和东亚夏季风指数对流域关键区降水的相对贡献大小相当。海河流域降水关键区在夏季各月的分布变化,与这些环流系统的季内变化路径（南北摆动或向北推进）具有很好的一致性。     

Design of wake-adapted contra-rotating propellers for high-speed underwater vehicles

Based on the lifting-surface vortex lattice model, a numerical design method of wake-adapted contra-rotating propellers (CRPs) for high-speed underwater vehicles is proposed. According to the given radial circulation distribution, the method can use prescribed camber line shapes to design maximum cambers and pitches of blade sections by controlling circulation at the leading edge, which makes the chordwise distribution of blade loading similar to that of NACA a = 0.8. It also can be performed under prescribed chordwise circulation distributions, where camber line shape and blade section pitch are designed. The Newton–Raphson iterative algorithm is utilised in the design of the pitch and camber. The radial circulation distribution of a set of CRPs for an underwater vehicle is used to redesign CRPs by the proposed method, and the design results are then validated via numerical simulations by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The results indicate that the proposed method is suitable for the design of CRPs with tapered hubs and skewed blades, and it also exhibits good mesh convergence. The CRPs designed with the given camber line shape and the given chordwise loading distribution both have relatively uniform pressure distributions, with the latter being superior.     

一次东北冷涡背景下MCS过程多尺度能量相互作用研究

采用WRF模式对东北冷涡背景下MCS过程进行模拟,利用Barnes滤波将模式数据分解为3个尺度,分别代入相应的能量方程中进行计算,从能量角度研究MCS发展过程,多尺度系统能量相互转化,以及动能与降水的联系。研究表明:在此次过程中各尺度之间都有位能向动能的大量转化,为系统发展提供能量。在对流单体发展到M CS成形前,中低层天气尺度动能减少,天气尺度动能向β中小尺度动能转换,促进对流单体的发展;高层天气尺度动能增强,对应高空急流增强,促进对流系统发展;β中小尺度系统在中层对α中尺度系统有动能输送,促进MCS形成。在MCS形成和发展阶段,各尺度位能向α中尺度和β中小尺度动能转化达到最大。在MCS减弱阶段,天气尺度系统和α中尺度系统在中高层对β中小尺度系统有一定的抑制作用,使β中小尺度系统发展减弱。此次过程中β中小尺度系统是降水的直接成因,动能变化的正值中心对应大的降水中心。     

一次华北冷涡暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用常规资料、自动站资料和T213 1°×1°格点再分析场资料对2007年7月1～2日湖北省的暴雨天气过程进行了分析。结果表明这次暴雨过程是在有利的高、中、低层系统配置下,由华北冷涡带动干冷空气南下,与副热带高压外围的暖湿气流在江淮流域交汇而形成的。干冷空气南侵在暴雨区北侧形成了明显的湿度锋和能量锋,在低层辐合区造成明显的湿度锋锋生触发了中尺度系统的发生发展。     

Vortex shedding suppression for flow over a circular cylinder near a plane boundary

In this study, the Navier-Stokes equations and the pressure Poisson equation for two-dimensional time-dependent viscous flows are solved with a finite difference method in a curvilinear coordinate system. With this numerical procedure, the vortex shedding flow past a circular cylinder near a wall is investigated. The flow is calculated for a broad range of gap ratios for different Reynolds numbers ranging from 80 to 1000. Based on the numerical solutions, the vortex shedding is observed using various methods, and the mechanism for the vortex shedding suppression at small gap ratios is analyzed. The critical gap ratio at which the vortex shedding is suppressed is identified at different Reynolds numbers.     

Scarifying and fingering surfaces of plunging jets

The local surface deformation resulting from the oblique impact of a columnar water jet has been computed, using a three-dimensional large eddy simulation, as a model of the overturning jet of a breaking wave. The emergence of the secondary jet from the front face of the initial jet has been examined and the organisation of the vortices within the jet characterised. As the secondary jet emerges, the vorticity field becomes unstable under the action of the strong shear beneath the jet surface and pairs of longitudinal counter-rotating vortices stretched along the direction of the jet projection are formed. The presence of these longitudinal vortex pairs creates convergent surface flows, resulting in the formation of longitudinal scars on the rear face of the projecting jet. Following significant growth of the scars on both its upper and lower surfaces, the jet decouples into fingers. The lateral widths of the longitudinal vortices provide a minimum measure of the finger size. A horizontal Froude number Fr_h, representing a measure of strength of horizontal shear in a gravity-dominated impacting flow is defined, which characterises the organisation of the longitudinal vortices occurring in the shear flow, and the resultant formation of scars and fingers. For higher Fr_h, stronger longitudinal vortices and deeper scars are formed at longer lateral intervals, enhancing the fingering process during the splashing event. Fundamental features of material transport in the vicinity of the surface of jets (e.g. gas transfer across a sea surface) are related to the entrainment of surface fluid by the longitudinal vortices, and is thus also characterised by Fr_h.