酵母培养物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫力和抗病力的影响

【目的】探讨高蛋白酵母培养物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%酵母培养物(记为Y0、Y2.5、Y5.0和Y7.5组),分别替代质量分数0、10%、20%和30%的鱼粉,配制4种等氮等脂饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾(初始体质量0.70±0.03 g)56 d后,测定对虾生长性能、血清生化及免疫酶指标;用哈维氏弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)攻毒,测定对虾累计死亡率。【结果】Y2.5和Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率与Y0组的差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾摄食率显著高于Y0和Y2.5组(P <0.05);Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾血清甘油三酯含量显著低于Y0组(P<0.05),Y7.5组凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶含量显著高于Y0、Y2.5组(P <0.05),血清总胆固醇显著低于Y0、Y2.5组(P <0.05);酵母培养物替代饲料中20%和30%的鱼粉可显著提高对虾攻毒前肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性(P <0.05),Y7.5组对虾肝胰腺丙二醛含量在哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒后显著低于Y0组(P <0.05);攻毒7 d后,Y7.5组凡纳滨对虾累积死亡率显著低于Y0组(P<0.05)。【结论】酵母培养物替代鱼粉比例小于20%时,不会显著影响凡纳滨对虾生长性能;替代比例为30%时,生长受抑制。当替代量比例为30%时可显著提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗病力。     

Spatial distribution of supraglacial debris thickness on glaciers of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and surroundings

Debris-covered glaciers, characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones, are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and surroundings. For these glaciers, thin debris layers accelerate the melting of underlying ice compared to that of bare ice, while thick debris layers retard ice melting, called debris-cover effect. Knowledge about the thickness and thermal properties of debris cover on CPEC glaciers is still unclear, making it difficult to assess the regional debris-cover effect. In this study, thermal resistance of the debris layer estimated from remotely sensed data reveals that about 54.0% of CPEC glaciers are debris-covered glaciers, on which the total debris-covered area is about 5,072 km², accounting for 14.0% of the total glacier area of the study region. We find that marked difference in the extent and thickness of debris cover is apparent from region to region, as well as the debris-cover effect. 53.3% of the total debris-covered area of the study region is concentrated in Karakoram, followed by Pamir with 30.2% of the total debris-covered area. As revealed by the thermal resistance, the debris thickness is thick in Hindu Kush on average, with the mean thermal resistance of 7.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W), followed by Karakoram, while the thickness in western Himalaya is thin with the mean value of 2.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W). Our findings provide a basis for better assessments of changes in debris-covered glaciers and their associated hydrological impacts in the CPEC and surroundings.     

基于无人机紫外与SAR的溢油遥感监测方法研究

溢油污染不仅会造成巨大的经济损失,而且给生态环境带来难以修复的破坏。准确、高效地监测海面溢油仍是当前亟需解决的问题。紫外传感器对油膜非常敏感,可快速发现,但存在误判;而SAR(SyntheticApertureRadar)溢油探测的精度较高,两者相结合可准确探测溢油。无人机平台可低成本地实现溢油快速应急响应,无人机载SAR和紫外传感器的载荷重量小,可同时集成于无人机上开展联合溢油探测,以满足业务化监测需求,此方面的研究尚未见有相关报道。本文拟研究溢油不同种类、厚度、在不同海洋环境条件下的紫外图像特征和SAR纹理特征、形状特征、散射特征,构建溢油特征数据库,并建立一种基于特征组合的溢油SAR与紫外联合探测方法;在此基础上研究对无人机数据获取模式和控制单元等的改造方案,进而实现溢油SAR和紫外图像的高效获取。     

东海海岸带生态安全评价及景观优化研究

本文以东海区海岸带为例,采用空间主成分分析法,对 2015 年东海区沿岸县级陆域的生态安全程度进行评价,并运用累积阻力模型,分析东海区海岸带的生态源地、廊道和核心节点,在此基础上提出优化布局思路。结果表明： （1） 林地、气候和地貌等自然要素及其质量对区域生态安全性有显著影响,植被覆盖度对生态安全的贡献率占 38.8%,是影响生态安全最重要的因子;此外,开发建设程度亦有影响生态安全的效果,此效果略小于自然要素; （2） 东海海岸带的生态安全指数在1.61~5.89 之间,表明东海区生态环境质量大体趋好,生态安全指数呈现出显著的南北分异和东西分异态势; （3） 构建以“四片区、三组团、两廊道、多中心”为核心的东海区海岸带生态景观的优化布局方案,以期为海岸带地区生态安全建设提供参考.     

ArA,EPA和DHA在水生动物中应用的研究进展

ArA,EPA和DHA是水生动物卵巢中卵磷脂、精子中的磷脂酰乙醇胺以及卵母细胞等的主要组成成分,能够影响产卵率、受精率、卵径大小、卵黄囊的体积、孵化率及存活率等,这三种必需脂肪酸在细胞结构、物质代谢和能量调节等方面具有重要作用,能够维持细胞通透性,增强消化酶活性,从而促进水生动物的生长;还能够影响细胞吞噬能力及呼吸爆发强度,并可以通过控制与免疫相关的酶活性以及类二十烷的产生而增强水生动物机体的免疫能力;其中的ArA可以通过调节皮质醇以及其他未知途径调节水生动物抵抗各种应激的能力。对这三种高度不饱和脂肪酸对水生动物生长、繁殖、免疫功能的影响和抗应激能力以及三者之间的关系作了综述并提出了问题和展望,以期对水产养殖提供理论参考。     

低碳合金钢高温防氧化涂料的制备与性能

以海洋用钢轧制时的氧化为研究对象,用料浆法制得了以碳化硅和二氧化硅为主要成分的高温抗氧化涂料.采用X射线衍射和电子探针能谱等测试方法,研究了涂层保护钢样在1 300℃下氧化增重、氧化产物、截面形貌以及元素分布的特征.结果表明,该涂料对低碳合金钢具有良好的高温防护功能,防氧化效果达91.7%,且成本低廉,使用简便,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Estimate of Ablation Rate of Glacier Ice under a Supraglacial Debris Layer

The ablation rate under a debris layer is very difficult to measure directly at debris-covered glaciers, because the surface is highly heterogeneous, and the ablation rate varies tremendously from place to place. Heat budget considerations with a debris layer on top of glacier ice suggested that 'thermal resistance' of the debris layer could be estimated from surface temperature and the heat fluxes at the debris surface, and the ablation rate of the underlying glacier ice from the thermal resistance and meteorological data. The method was tested at the Lirung Glacier in Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas, using the thermal band of LANDSAT satellite for estimating surface temperature distribution of the debris top surface. The amount of melt water thus estimated was compatible with the observed discharge data from the glacier basin for periods of the monsoon season in 1985 and the pre-monsoon to the monsoon season in 1996. The investigation also revealed that the amount of discharge was much larger than the amount of precipitation over the basin, and it was suggested that the melt water from the debris-covered glacier contributes significantly to the river flow as a result of the shrinkage of the glacier.     

亚音速飞机排放物对地面紫外辐射的影响

根据世界民航组织和世界气象组织有关专家对当前亚音速飞机排放量的估计和将来20年内增长的预测,用辐射传输模式估算了飞机排放物对地面紫外辐射水平的影响。计算使用DISORT程序,这是一个经过检验可以较好地包括多次散射作用的离散坐标法程序。分别检验了飞机排放煤烟、硫酸盐粒子和卷云的多次散射及引起的臭氧增加对地面280～400 nm紫外辐射的影响。结果表明：根据目前的估计和预测,飞机排放的煤烟和硫酸盐粒子对地面紫外辐射没有影响;引起的臭氧变化也不至于引起地面紫外辐射的变化。但如果天空存在一层卷云（光学厚度0.042）,就足以使得地面直射紫外辐射减少5%,总紫外辐射增加1%～2%。有资料表明,飞机排放的水汽可能使得某些地区卷云量增加了10%。因此,可能会对地面紫外辐射产生影响。     

抗压桩与抗拔桩侧阻的研究

对抗压桩和抗拔桩的桩侧摩阻力进行了理论探讨 ,从定量上考虑了桩周土的剪胀性及主应力方向旋转对侧阻的影响 ,得到了相应的影响系数和侧阻的预测公式.