Migration of Some Elements and Radionuclides across aGranite-Granite Contact Zone: A Natural Analoguefor Safe Disposal of High-Level Radwastes

Elements and natural radionuclides in the contact zone of two granites with different ages would migrate from one to the other because of the difference in their chemical contents and later water-rock interactions. This migration could serve as an analogue for the near-field process of radwastes in a high-level radwaste deep geological disposal repository.In the contact between the Indosinian granite (whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age at 214@3 Ma) and Hercynian granite (zircon U-Pb isochron age at 296@31 Ma) located in Ziyuan County, Guangxi, the O and Pb isotope characteristics and the activity ratios of 234U/238U, 230Th/238U, 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th show that, based on the whole-rock chemical contents, both of the two granites have maintained a relatively open chemical system in their evolution processes. However, as there is no obvious open fault, the migration of major elements, trace elements and natural U-series nu-clides takes place within only 1-2 m in the contact zone, and water-rock interaction     

一个ENSO动力-相似误差订正模式及其后报初检验

为有效利用历史资料中的相似信息,减小模式误差对ENSO这类跨季节-年际尺度预测问题的影响提高动力模式的预测水平.作者利用一种基于统计相似的模式误差订正方法,以国家气候中心简化海气耦合模式为平台建立了相应的动力-相似误差订正(DAEC)模式,并着重探讨了系统相似程度(全相似或部分相似)、误差重估周期以及相似样本个数等因素对预报效果的影响.结果表明,利用该方法可以有效地改善原有模式的预报性能,其中 "全相似" 比 "部分相似" 更能反映海气耦合系统的相似程度,从而对模式误差做出更为准确的估计,使预报误差明显减小.海洋和大气的误差重估周期对结果也有较大影响,在不同相似程度下分别存在着某种最优配置使得预报效果达到最佳.另外,在对相似样本存在状况及影响的研究中则发现在当前资料长度内整体上只存在着有限个相似样本,在此范围内随着样本取样数目的增加DAEC模式的预报性能逐渐提高.     

基于地基遥感的灰霾气溶胶光学及微物理特性观测

近年来北京地区冬季频繁遭受灰霾污染的侵袭,在2013年1月又出现了长时间、大范围的严重灰霾污染天气,引发广泛关注和热议。为了解北京地区2013年1月严重灰霾污染过程中大气气溶胶特性,本文基于地基太阳-天空辐射计CE318观测数据,反演了气溶胶光学和微物理参数,并据此对1月份第二次严重污染过程进行了详细分析。研究表明：（1）2013年1月北京地区灰霾污染期间,气溶胶光学厚度较大,在440 nm处均值达到0.87,在个别严重污染天气下高达3左右;（2）气溶胶光学与物理参数与灰霾过程密切相关,Ångström指数由清洁大气时的1.3降到灰霾污染时的0.95,复折射指数虚部均值由污染前的0.04下降为污染过程中的0.01,单次散射反照率均值则由0.73增大到0.92,同时不对称因子均值从0.58增大到0.67;（3）灰霾污染过程中细模态气溶胶比例较高,占总体积比例平均达到73.0%,最高达90.5%,在灰霾污染中气溶胶细模态平均峰值半径随光学厚度增大而增大,清楚表明了灰霾过程中颗粒物的吸湿增长效应,粗模态平均峰值半径随光学厚度的增加而减小,在污染最严重时,粒子谱分布峰值半径约为0.43 μm。     

武汉市冬季灰霾期PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的特征

2018年1月,利用颗粒物采样器采集武汉市大气PM_2.5样品并进行水溶性无机离子（F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺）的分析.结果表明,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺是PM_2.5中最主要的3种水溶性无机离子,除Mg²⁺与Ca²⁺外,PM_2.5与WSⅡs （水溶性无机离子）之间的相关性显著,且移动源贡献占主导地位.阴阳离子平衡表明武汉市冬季灰霾期PM_2.5呈中性或弱酸性.通过混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模式模拟并采用分层聚类得出了4种主要的后向气流轨迹及相应的PM_2.5和水溶性离子浓度,结果表明区域传输对此次灰霾期影响较大.     

2013年1月中国大面积雾霾事件直接社会经济损失评估

雾霾污染已经成为中国乃至全球重点关注的生态环境问题之一。与此同时,中国的雾霾污染与城市蔓延在某种程度上相伴而生。城市蔓延是否加剧了中国的雾霾污染目前还没有明确的答案。因此,利用美国国家极地轨道合作卫星搭载的可见光红外成像辐射仪(national polar‐orbiting partnership's visible infrared imaging radiometer suite, NPP-VIIRS) 获取的夜间灯光数据,在量化城市蔓延的基础上构建面板数据模型,探究城市蔓延是否会对城市雾霾污染产生影响,并利用中介效应模型验证城市蔓延影响雾霾污染的驱动机制。研究结果表明, 夜间灯光数据可以有效地量化与表征城市蔓延,且中国的城市蔓延在一定程度上加剧了雾霾污染。此外,城市蔓延主要通过集聚效应、土地城镇化效应、产业结构效应等途径影响雾霾污染。     

Measurement and Comparison of Urban Haze Governance Level and Efficiency based on the DPSIR Model: A Case Study of 31 Cities in North China

In the decisive stage of developing of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, hazy weather has become a major obstacle to the further advancement of China. Therefore, improving the level and efficiency of haze governance has become essential. Based on the DPSIR model, this paper builds a haze governance level and efficiency index system using the entropy method and the super-efficiency data envelope-analysis (DEA) model to analyze the data for 31 cities in North China from 2007 to 2016. From the aspects of spatial differences and influence factors influencing the comparative analysis, the results are as follows. (1) During the investigation period, the level and efficiency of city haze governance in North China showed a trend of fluctuation and decline, with obvious stages in their characteristics. Haze governance efficiency is much higher than its level, and its mean value reaches the DEA level which indicates that it is effective. (2) A significant regional gradient difference occurs between these two aspects. The haze governance level presents a convex distribution pattern of “east low-middle high-west low”, while the haze governance efficiency presents a concave distribution pattern of “east high-middle low-west high”. (3) The regression results show that economic growth has a negative effect on both haze governance level and efficiency. By contrast, the industrial structure has a positive effect on haze governance level and efficiency, but the significance of its effect on these two is different. On this basis, policy suggestions are proposed for improving the level and efficiency of haze governance in various cities in North China.     

雾霾天气对高校学生旅游意向影响

为深入研究雾霾天气对高校学生旅游出行意向的影响程度,采取问卷调查法对河南省不同地区的17所高校学生进行问卷调查,从旅游动机、出行前决策、旅游目的地体验、游客忠诚度四个维度选取具有代表性的问题,以描述性统计分析的方法进行探究。结果表明,雾霾天气对河南省高校学生的旅游动机、出行前决策、旅游目的地体验和游客忠诚度四个方面均有显著影响,并从政府、旅游企业、大学生自身等3个角度提出了解决方法:政府应大力推广清洁能源、给予旅游业重点扶持、改善各景区公共交通状况,旅游企业应建立常态化的空气质量检测与播报、增加景区内植被覆盖率、增加室内旅游休闲项目,大学生自身应合理安排出游时间、及时做好防护、多使用公共交通。     

基于局部维纳滤波的交通图像去雾霾算法

为了提高雾霾天退化交通图像的色彩保真度和清晰度,基于局部维纳滤波并结合暗通道先验理论提出一种快速去雾霾算法。传统的基于暗通道先验理论的去雾霾算法对单一户外场景图像取得了不错的效果,但在处理较高分辨率交通图像时,需要消耗大量的计算和存储资源;同时,不能很好处理图像中的一些白色区域,会导致该区域色彩失真。针对这两个问题展开研究:首先,基于局部维纳滤波并结合暗通道先验原则优化大气散射光,进而得到细化的透射率;其次,通过动态调节参数的大小以适应天空等明亮区域地去雾霾处理;最后,将所提算法用于实例验证,结果表明算法不但可以保证交通图像白色区域的色彩不失真,而且去雾霾效率提高4~25倍。     

RUNAWAY FIRES,SMOKE‐HAZE POLLUTION,AND UNNATURAL DISASTERS IN INDONESIA*

ABSTRACT. Fires on Sumatra and Kalimantan have taken a heavy toll on Indonesia' remaining tropical forests. Drought exacerbates the fire hazard, but it does not cause the fires, most of which have been the result of inappropriate land‐use policies and practices. Peatland fires have emitted vast quantities of smoke that periodically blanket large parts of insular Southeast Asia, impairing visibility, disrupting travel, hampering economic activity, and posing serious health risks. The development agenda of Indonesia' New Order regime paid scant attention to forest management, including the need to detect, control, and suppress unwanted fires.     

2013年1月华北灰霾气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布

利用Cloud-Aerosol Li DAR with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP)正交极化云—气溶胶激光雷达资料、Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET)气溶胶观测资料、地面常规气象观测资料和Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)模式分析了2013年1月份华北地区的3次中重度灰霾天气过程,着重对灰霾天气过程中大气气溶胶的衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比等光学参数的垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明,2013年1月份华北地区灰霾天气发生时,低层大气(2 km)以下污染最严重,存在大量的气溶胶粒子。1月29日重度灰霾时气溶胶的后向散射系数增大至0.0045 km-1·sr-1,退偏比大于20%,0—8 km高度范围内的色比值大于100%的比例约为36.3%;气溶胶光学厚度从0.2增大至2.1,Angstrom指数由1.4降至0.9,表明气溶胶光学厚度增加的同时,大气中混合的粗粒子气溶胶比重增加。HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟结果显示:500 m、1000 m和1500 m 3个高度的气流均途经蒙古国、中国内蒙古自治区、西北地区,最后影响华北地区,表明这次灰霾污染事件除受本地排放的气溶胶粒子影响,还受到源于蒙古国、内蒙古、中国西北部地区远程输送的沙尘影响。