河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析

2013年12月14—25日,河北中南部地区发生了一次长达12 d的重霾污染天气过程。本文通过对同期气象条件、流场、污染物特征进行分析,探讨了这次过程的成因。此次污染过程与霾密切相关,具有持续时间长、范围广及强度大的特点;在静稳的大尺度气象条件和近地面大气层结下,污染物沿近地面风场的弱辐合区迅速积累,是重覆污染天气形成的关键;此次重霾污染天气过程中有两次弱冷空气活动,两次冷空气影响层次有所不同但影响时间均较短,不能彻底改变静稳大气层结,对污染物的扩散能力有限,重霾污染天气得以长时间持续。     

HAZE-TO-FOG TRANSFORMATION DURING A LONG LASTING, LOW VISIBILITY EPISODE IN NANJING

Haze-to-fog transformation during a long lasting, low visibility episode was examined using the observations from a comprehensive field campaign conducted in Nanjing, China during 4-9 December 2013. In this episode, haze was transformed into fog and the fog lasted for dozens of hours. The impacts of meteorological factors such as wind, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on haze, transition and fog during this episode were investigated. Results revealed significant differences between haze and fog days, due to their different formation mechanisms. Comparison was made for boundary-layer conditions during hazy days, haze-to-fog days and foggy days. Distributions of wind speed and wind direction as well as synoptic weather conditions around Nanjing had determinative impacts on the occurrences and characteristics of haze and fog. Weakened southerly wind in southern Nanjing resulted in high concentration of pollutants, and haze events occurred frequently during the study period. The wind speed was less than 1 m s-1 in the haze event, which resulted in a stable atmospheric condition and weak dispersion of the pollutants. The height of the temperature inversion was about 400 m during the period. The inversion intensity was weak and the temperature-difference was 4°C km-1 or less in haze, while the inversion was stronger, and temperature-difference was about 6°C km-1, approaching the inversion layer intensity in the fog event. Haze event is strongly influenced by ambient RH. RH values increased, which resulted in haze days evidently increased, suggesting that an increasing fraction of haze events be caused by hygroscopic growth of aerosols, rather than simply by high aerosol loading. When RH was above 90%, haze aerosols started to be transformed from haze to fog. This study calls for more efforts to control emissions to prevent haze events in the region.     

光学遥感影像DCM-HTM去雾算法研究

针对卫星遥感影像的雾区检测和校正问题,提出了一种暗通道图像DCM与雾厚度图像HTM结合的DCM-HTM遥感影像去雾算法。算法基于暗通道原理,采用mean-shift均值漂移滤波和直方图自动阈值来检测雾区域;同时通过不重叠窗口获取HTM;最后在检测出的雾区内实现去雾校正处理。实验结果表明,算法能较准确地检测出影像上的雾区域,能在影像正常区域不受影响的前提下,有针对性地对受雾影响区域进行校正,校正效果较整幅影像的去雾校正有较大改善。     

2016年10月大气环流和天气分析

2016年10月北半球极地地区极涡呈偶极性分布,极涡强度较常年同期偏强。中高纬环流为４波型,西太平洋副热带高压位置明显偏西、偏北,强度偏强。10月全国平均降水量55.4 mm,较常年同期（35.8 mm）偏多55%,为1951年来同期最多;全国平均气温10.9℃,较常年同期（10.3℃）偏高0.6℃。月内我国主要出现了6次区域性暴雨天气过程,其中2次是台风莎莉嘉和海马导致,2次是受低涡、切变线影响。冷空气活动频繁,出现5次过程,较常年偏多。京津冀地区出现4次雾 霾天气过程。今年第21号台风莎莉嘉于10月18日在海南省万宁市以强台风级别登陆,今年第22号台风海马于10月21日在广东省汕尾市登陆,均造成重大影响。     

雾霾天气个例气象条件对比分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和L波段探空资料从环流形势、扩散条件和边界层特征3个方面对2013年两次雾、霾天气个例进行对比分析,结果表明:500hPa西北气流冷平流、地面弱风场、垂直速度呈弱上升-下沉的垂直分层特点和逆温是两次雾、霾天气出现和维持的共同特征。地面西北风、850hPa弱冷平流、近地层浅薄的接地逆温(100~200m)和湿层与霾天气对应,地面偏东风、850hPa暖平流、925hPa以下深厚的悬浮逆温(400m)和湿层与雾天气对应,霾过程较雾过程逆温强度强,上升运动高度高。消散时雾较霾下沉运动中心高度低,强度弱;霾消散时接地逆温特征变化不大,雾消散时悬浮逆温有底部抬升和大气稳定层结向中性层结转变的变化特征;但均有下沉气流接地、垂直风切变较强和高层低露点干空气下传到地面的特点。     

激光云高仪与可见光测云仪观测试验对比

选取激光云高仪观测的云高和可见光测云仪观测的云量,通过对比两种地面云观测设备观测数据在相同条件下的差异,分析不同要素对设备观测性能的影响,结果表明:在相同观测条件下,两种地基云观测设备的观测结果不同;激光云高仪和可见光测云仪受雾、霾、降水等天气现象以及云物理特性的影响,云观测数据会出现的漏报和误报的现象;激光云高仪还受自身探测高度和垂直分辨率的影响,对高云和薄云的捕获率较差。     

基于HOT影像优化的遥感影像去雾算法

针对BSHTI和IBSHTI两种算法对卫星影像云雾校正后,地表的色调和纹理等细节缺失严重的问题,提出OIBSHTI算法对IBSHTI算法得出的雾厚度图像进行地表信息削减。通过填洼算法去除暗色区域,并引入纹理和边缘信息等进行优化处理,在彻底去除云雾的同时保留地表的色调和纹理,特别是蓝色或红色建筑物房顶的校正效果较为明显。     

2016年11月大气环流和天气分析

2016年11月大气环流特征如下,北半球极涡呈双极型分布;欧亚中高纬乌拉尔山地区为一高压脊控制,西西伯利亚地区为一较强横槽,我国中高纬纬向环流较平直,处于宽广的位势高度负距平区,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏西偏强,南支槽平均位置位于90°E 附近。11月全国平均降水量30.6 mm,较常年同期（19 mm）偏多61%,共出现4次较强降水过程;江南及华南地区雨日多雨量大。全国有14站发生了极端连续降水日数事件,71站日降水量超过当地11月历史同期极大值。11月全国平均气温为2.9℃,与常年同期持平。共有4次较强冷空气过程,造成我国180站发生了极端日降温事件,其中30站日降温突破历史极值。11月出现4次大范围严重雾 霾天气过程。此外,西北太平洋和菲律宾南海有三个台风生成,对我国影响较小。     

Investigating the Transport Mechanism of PM2.5 Pollution during January 2014 in Wuhan,Central China

Severe haze pollution that occurred in January 2014 in Wuhan was investigated. The factors leading to Wuhan’s PM_2.5 pollution and the characteristics and formation mechanism were found to be significantly different from other megacities, like Beijing. Both the growth rates and decline rates of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan were lower than those in Beijing, but the monthly PM_2.5 value was approximately twice that in Beijing. Furthermore, the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations were often accompanied by strong winds. A high-precision modeling system with an online source-tagged method was established to explore the formation mechanism of five haze episodes. The long-range transport of the polluted air masses from the North China Plain (NCP) was the main factor leading to the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, which contributed 53.4% of the monthly PM_2.5 concentrations and 38.5% of polluted days. Furthermore, the change in meteorological conditions such as weakened winds and stable weather conditions led to the accumulation of air pollutants in Wuhan after the long-range transport. The contribution from Wuhan and surrounding cities to the PM_2.5 concentrations was determined to be 67.4% during this period. Under the complex regional transport of pollutants from surrounding cities, the NCP, East China, and South China, the five episodes resulted in 30 haze days in Wuhan. The findings reveal important roles played by transregional and intercity transport in haze formation in Wuhan.     

四川盆地大气层中矿物颗粒-甲苯-Cr3+耦合规律模拟研究

四川盆地大气层具有湿度高和流通性弱的特征,冬春低温季节易形成雾霾。本文着重构建了低温高湿条件下的石英、方解石纳米颗粒与甲苯、Cr~(3+)共存体系,系统测试了石英、方解石颗粒与甲苯、Cr~(3+)耦合前后Zeta电位值、胶体粒径及团聚形态、亲疏水性的变化趋势,以模拟研究四川盆地低温高湿静稳大气环境中矿物颗粒、有机物、重金属离子之间的耦合作用规律。研究发现:甲苯、Cr~(3+)与石英、方解石之间存在显著的成键耦合作用,甲苯、Cr~(3+)存在时会大幅度降低高湿度环境中石英、方解石颗粒的Zeta电位值,增大两种矿物颗粒在低温条件下的活跃度; Cr~(3+)可通过静电作用力,促使石英、方解石颗粒在高湿度环境中形成粒径更大的团聚状胶体;甲苯吸附在石英和方解石颗粒表面会增强其疏水性,减弱高湿度水分对矿物胶体稳定性的侵扰。上述有关石英/方解石颗粒、甲苯、Cr~(3+)在低温高湿条件下的界面成键耦合作用规律发现,对理解四川盆地雾霾形成机制有积极的启发意义。