Using hourly measurements to explore the role of secondary inorganic aerosol in PM2.5 during haze and fog in Hangzhou,China

This paper explores the role of the secondary inorganic aerosol （SIA） species ammonium,NH4＋,nitrate,NO3-,and sulfate,SO24-,during haze and fog events using hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5 measured at a suburban site in Hangzhou,China.A total of 546 samples were collected between 1 April and 8 May 2012.The samples were analyzed and classified as clear,haze or fog depending on visibility and relative humidity （RH）.The contribution of SIA species to PM2.5 mass increased to ～50％ during haze and fog.The mass contribution of nitrate to PM2.5 increased from 11％ during clear to 20％ during haze episodes.Nitrate mass exceeded sulfate mass during haze,while near equal concentrations were observed during fog episodes.The role of RH on the correlation between concentrations of SIA and visibility was examined,with optimal correlation at 60％-70％ RH.The total acidity during clear,haze and fog periods was 42.38,48.38 and 45.51 nmol m-3,respectively,indicating that sulfate,nitrate and chloride were not neutralized by ammonium during any period.The nitrate to sulfate molar ratio,as a function of the ammonium to sulfate molar ratio,indicated that nitrate formation during fog started at a higher ammonium to sulfate molar ratio compared to clear and haze periods.During haze and fog,the nitrate oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.6-1.7,while the sulfur oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.2-1.5,indicating that both gaseous NO2 and SO2 were involved in the reduced visibility.     

2013年11月大气环流和天气分析

2013年11月大气环流主要特征是：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,主体位于北极圈内,强度较常年同期偏强;欧亚中高纬环流经向度较小;南支槽平均位置大致位于80°E附近,同时,副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北。11月,全国平均降水量为22.5 mm,较常年同期（18.8 mm）偏多19.7%。全国平均气温为3.6℃,较常年同期（2.9℃）偏高0.7℃。月内,我国出现3次冷空气过程和6次较强降水过程。东北地区出现了两次强降雪过程,部分地区出现暴雪到大暴雪;台风海燕给华南地区带来较大风雨影响;北方冬麦区及江南大部出现明显降水,干旱缓解;由于冷空气势力弱,中东部地区雾霾天气频发,全国平均雾霾日数为4.3天,为1961年以来历史同期最多。     

如何消除雾霾天气对全站仪野外检定的影响

在全站仪野外检定过程中通常采用光照准模式,该模式对较远距离点测量时需要较好的气象条件的配合.近年来,我国秋冬季节普发的雾霾天气使得仪器野外测量时无法精确照准目标,使检定工作不能顺利完成.本文主要探讨了应用智能全站仪的ATR照准模式进行全站仪野外检定的可行性,通过选用不同型号的全站仪用光照准模式及ATR照准模式进行野外检定,并对实验数据进行统计分析,得出了采用ATR照准模式进行野外检定可消除雾霾天气的不利影响,得到准确可靠地检定数据的实验结论.     

温州地区雾霾气候特征及其预报

利用温州8个气象站点近40年的雾日和霾日统计资料,从时间和空间两方面分析了温州雾、霾日数的气候特征和变化规律。结果表明, 1971—2008年期间,温州市区（平原）地区雾日数显著减少,洞头（海岛）地区雾日数缓慢减少,泰顺（高山）地区雾日数呈波动式缓慢增长,21世纪初有明显增多;温州地区霾日数,除泰顺（高山）地区缓慢增长外,总体呈快速增多趋势,增多开始发生在20世纪70年代后期,21世纪初霾日数显著增加,其中永嘉和瑞安增加最快。温州雾日数冬春多,夏秋少;霾日数冬季最多,夏季最少。同时,利用近年来气象部门与环保部门联合开展的空气质量预报产品,如空气污染指数（API）,建立雾、霾预报方法。统计2004—2009年间的雾、霾与空气污染指数的相关关系,并兼及晴雨天气条件,总结出包含晴雨、空气污染指数及雾、霾3要素的线性公式,作为预报雾、霾工具。经检验,效果较好,预报未来24 h雾、霾准确率达57%～66%。并通过编程实现计算机自动预报。     

Source-rock maturation characteristics of symmetric and asymmetric grabens inferred from integrated analogue and numerical modeling: The southern Viking Graben (North Sea)

We present the results of an integrated analogue and numerical modeling study with a focus on structural, stratigraphic and thermal differences between symmetric and asymmetric grabens. These models enable fault interpretation and subsidence analyses in studies of active rifting and graben migration. We imported the surface topography and crustal thinning factors from the analogue models into tectono-stratigraphic forward models which allowed an assessment of the relative importance of sediment stacking in the generation of symmetric and asymmetric grabens. Effects on source-rock maturation zones were calculated through 1D-thermal modeling for different graben types. Combined analogue-numerical modeling appears to be a useful method to simulate natural examples, as shown in this study of the southern Viking Graben in the northern North Sea. This area was formed by Early Permian-Late Jurassic extension, with rifting most intense during the Late Jurassic. The thermal structure of the model, constrained by lithospheric and sedimentary parameters for this region, compares well with actual source-rock maturation data on the southern Viking Graben.     

A Modeling Study on the Mechanism of Convective Initiation of a Squall Line over Northeastern China

High-resolution numerical simulation results of a squall line initiated along a convergence zone in northeast China on 26 June 2014 were presented in this study. The simulation was performed by a convection-permitting model with coarse and fine grids of 4 and 1.33 km, respectively, and the simulation results were validated against the observation. Results showed that the simulation adequately reproduced the life cycle of the squall line, which allowed detailed investigation of the mechanism of convective initiation in this case. The synoptic condition was favorable for convective initiation and the convection was triggered in a convergence zone, where a branch of dry and cold air and a branch of moist and warm air collided. The water vapor flux divergence was inhomogeneous and some cores of water vapor convergence existed in the convergence zone. These cores were the spots where water vapor converged intensely and the air there was forced to rise, creating favorable spots where the convection was initially triggered. A series of quasi-equally spaced vortices near the surface, which themselves were the result of horizontal shear instability, were accountable for the inhomogeneity of the surface water vapor flux divergence. These vortices rotated the moist air into their north and dry air into their south, thus creating more favorable spots for convective initiation in their north. After initiation, the updraft turned the horizontal vorticity into vertical vorticity in the mid-level. The vortices near the surface collaborated with the vorticity maxima in the mid-level and enhanced the development of convection by providing water vapor.     

2013年1月大气环流和天气分析

2013年1月大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型,极涡范围及强度较常年偏弱,中高纬环流呈三波型,欧亚大陆槽位于西西伯利亚,位置偏北,引导多股冷空气影响我国北方,月内中高纬环流形势调整较大,上旬以经向型环流为主,中下旬则转为纬向型环流;西太平洋副热带高压接近常年同期,东亚大槽位于西北太平洋西岸,较常年偏强,南支槽位于90°E附近,较常年略偏弱.2013年1月,全国平均气温为-5.2℃,略低于常年同期(-5.0℃).月内气温阶段性调整明显,上旬,较同期偏低3℃,下旬,较同期偏高1.7℃.全国平均降水量为6.5 mm,较常年同期(13.2 mm)偏少50.8％.月内出现一次强冷空气过程,雾霾天气频繁,共出现3次较大范围雾霾过程.南方部分地区遭受低温雨雪冰冻灾害,北方局地遭受雪灾,云南大部、贵州西部及四川南部等地气象干旱持续.     

Pollen‐inferred palaeoclimate reconstructions in mountain areas: problems and perspectives

Transfer functions are an efficient tool for the quantitative reconstruction of past climate from low to mid‐elevation pollen sites. However, the application of existing methods to high‐altitude pollen assemblages frequently leads to unrealistic results. In the aim of understanding the causes of these biases, the standard ‘best modern analogue’ method has been applied to two high‐altitude pollen sequences to provide quantitative climate estimates for the Lateglacial and Holocene periods. Both pollen sequences (Laghi dell'Orgials, 2130 m, SW aspect and Lago delle Fate, 2240 m, E aspect) are located in the subalpine belt, on opposing sides of the St. Anna di Vinadio Valley (Italian Maritime Alps). Different results were obtained from the two sequences. The largest differences occurred in palaeotemperature reconstruction, with notable differences in both the values and trends at each site. These biases may be attributed to: (1) a lack of high elevation ‘best modern analogues’ in the database of modern samples; (2) the problem of pollen taxa that have multiple climatic significance; (3) problems related to the complexity of mountainous ecosystems, such as the phenomenon of uphill transport of tree pollen by wind. Possible improvements to the reconstruction process are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geometry,distribution and fill of erosional scours in a heterolithic,distal lower shoreface sandstone reservoir analogue: Grassy Member,Blackhawk Formation,Book Cliffs,Utah, USA

Many shoreface sandstone reservoirs host significant hydrocarbon volumes within distal intervals of interbedded sandstones and mudstones. Hydrocarbon production from these reservoir intervals depends on the abundance and proportion of sandstone beds that are connected by erosional scours, and on the lateral extent and continuity of interbedded mudstones. Cliff‐face exposures of the Campanian ‘G2’ parasequence, Grassy Member, Blackhawk Formation in the Book Cliffs of east‐central Utah, USA , allow detailed characterization of 128 erosional scours within such interbedded sandstones and mudstones in a volume of 148 m length, 94 m width and 15 m height. The erosional scours have depths of up to 1·1 m, apparent widths of up to 15·1 m and steep sides (up to 35°) that strike approximately perpendicular (N099 ± 36°) to the local north–south palaeoshoreline trend. The scours have limited lateral continuity along strike and down dip, and a relatively narrow range of apparent aspect ratio (apparent width/depth), implying that their three‐dimensional geometry is similar to non‐channelized pot casts. There is no systematic variation in scour dimensions, but ‘scour density’ is greater in amalgamated (conjoined) sandstone beds over 0·5 m thick, and increases upward within vertical successions of upward‐thickening conjoined sandstone beds. There is no apparent organization of the overall lateral distribution of scours, although localized clustering implies that some scours were re‐occupied during multiple erosional events. Scour occurrence is also associated with locally increased amplitude and laminaset thickness of hummocky cross‐stratification in sandstone beds. The geometry, distribution and infill character of the scours imply that they were formed by storm‐generated currents coincident with riverine sediment influx (‘storm floods’). The erosional scours increase the vertical and lateral connectivity of conjoined sandstone beds in the upper part of upward‐thickening sandstone bed successions, resulting in increased effective vertical and horizontal permeability of such intervals.     

Appraisal of fracture sampling methods and a new workflow to characterise heterogeneous fracture networks at outcrop

Characterising fractures at outcrop for use as analogues to fractured reservoirs can use several methods. Four important fracture data collection methods are linear scanline sampling, areal sampling, window sampling and circular scanline sampling. In regions of homogeneous fracture networks these methods are adequate to characterise fracture patterns for use as outcrop analogues, however where fractures are heterogeneous, it is more difficult to characterise fracture networks and a different approach is needed.We develop a workflow for fracture data collection in a region of heterogeneous fractures in a fold and thrust belt, which we believe has applicability to a wide variety of fracture networks in different tectonic settings. We use an augmented circular scanline method, along with areal sampling to collect a range of fracture attribute data, including orientation, length, aperture, spatial distribution and intensity. This augmented circular scanline method more than halves the time taken for data collection, provides accurate, unbiased data that is representative of local fracture network attributes and involves data collection of a wider range of fracture attributes than other sampling techniques alone.