Airborne and lidar measurements of aerosol and cloud particles in the troposphere over Alert Canada in April 1986

As a component of the Canadian Arctic Haze Study, held coincident with the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II), vertical profiles of aerosol size distribution (0.17 m), light scattering parameters and cloud particle concentrations were obtained with an instrumented aircraft and ground-based lidar system during April 1986 at Alert. Northwest Territories. Average aerosol number concentrations range from about 200 cm^–3 over the Arctic ice cap to about 100 cm^–3 at 6 km. The aerosol size spectrum is virtually free of giant or coarse aerosol particles, and does not vary significantly with altitude. Most of the aerosol volume is concentrated in the 0.17–0.50 m size range, and the aerosol number concentration is found to be a good surrogate for the SO₄ ⁼ concentration of the Arctic haze aerosol. Comparison of the aircraft and lidar data show that, when iced crystal scattering is excluded, the aerosol light scattering coefficient and the lidar backscattering coefficient are proportional to the Arctic haze aerosol concentration. Ratios of scattering to backscattering, scattering to aerosol number concentration, and backscattering to aerosol number concentration are 15.3 steradians, 1.1×10^–13 m², and 4.8×10^–15 m² sr^–1, respectively. Aerosol scattering coefficients calculated from the measured size distributions using Mie scattering agree well with measured values. The calculations indicate the aerosol absorption optical depth over 6 km to range between 0.011 and 0.018. The presence of small numbers of ice crystals (10–20 crystals 1^–1 measured) increased light scattering by over a factor of ten.     

广州灰霾天气的气候特征分析

根据广州气象观测站1961-2002年观测资料，对广州市灰霾天气的气候特征及其成因进行了分析。结果表明，广州灰霾日数12月最多，6月最少，秋冬两季占全年灰霾日总数的70％以上。年灰霾日数总体呈上升趋势，年灰霾日数变化可分为5个阶段，其中，70年代末期至80年代中期、80年末期至90年代中后期是灰霾的两个急剧上升阶段。灰霾日数年际变化多与大气中的污染物浓度有关，而月、季的分布多受天气形势和气象条件所控制。灰霾能够降低到达地面的太阳总辐射，减少日照时数。     

超大穗小麦在山东引种的气候适应性

利用山东省和陕西省中部４５个气象台站建站至１９９０年的气象资料，采用欧氏距离的计算方法，并按照各气候要素不同的权重系数进行修正，求出综合相似距。     

濮阳一次持续性雾霾天气的阶段性特征和维持机制

2018年11月23日至12月3日,华北平原出现了一次较长时间的雾霾天气。利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和污染物浓度资料,以河南省濮阳市为例,对此过程的大尺度环流背景场、边界层内气象要素特征、动力因素和污染状况等进行综合分析,分3个阶段探讨此过程形成的原因和维持机制。结果表明:(1)雾霾发生在高空纬向环流背景下,华北处于高压脊前西北气流中,频繁受下滑短波槽影响。(2)冷空气活动偏弱,中低层维持暖脊控制,使边界层内出现较强逆温,制约低层水汽和污染物的垂直扩散。(3)地面处于均压场或锋后弱冷高压控制,弱风条件不利于污染物的水平扩散。(4)前期大雾形成时,强逆温层在900 hPa以下的贴地高度,能见度很低,污染严重;中期霾严重时,较强逆温层上移至900—850 hPa,并出现双层逆温,能见度虽较好,污染仍然严重;后期的雾霾主要由高湿度环境中污染物聚集吸湿增长造成。(5)中低空弱的下沉气流及近地面辐合风场是雾霾天气得以发展维持的动力因子。     

外来输送对江苏冬季PM2.5贡献的数值模拟研究

利用WRF-Chem模式对2016年12月中下旬的两次重污染过程进行模拟,定量研究外来污染输送对江苏省PM_2.5的污染贡献。15—17日和22—23日两次过程都存在明显的上游污染输送特征:宿迁、扬州、无锡(自西北向东南)的PM_2.5浓度先后出现峰值,峰值均出现在西北风场中,当风向转为偏北风时峰值逐渐减弱。第二次过程中地面风力更大,高空形势更有利于远距离输送,高值区范围强度明显强于第一次,重度污染层厚度达到900~1 500 m,且持续时间较长。第一次过程中江苏省内排放源贡献率为23%~79%(第二次为5%~32%),苏南仍以本地排放源污染为主,苏北外来输送贡献率超过50%。第二次过程中宿迁、扬州、无锡的PM_2.5外来输送贡献分别为105.9 μg/m3、83.1 μg/m3、64.8 μg/m3(第一次为40.2 μg/m3、20.9 μg/m3、11.1 μg/m3),山东省和京津冀地区排放源是主要污染输送来源,二者贡献之和在44%~70%。两次过程中,外来输送贡献均是自北向南递减,山东省贡献率高于京津冀地区,而其余周边省份的贡献率相对较低;安徽省对江苏西部城市的贡献率较高。      

2013年初江苏连续性雾-霾天气的特征分析

利用FNL资料、污染物颗粒浓度资料以及常规气象资料对2013年1月12—16日江苏地区的连续性雾 霾天气过程的环流形势、地面气象要素特征、大气边界层结构及大气污染状况等进行了分析。结果表明：高空形势变化平稳、中低层的暖平流配合稳定少动的地面气压场为雾 霾天气的发生提供了有利的环流形势;持续变化较小的气压梯度和较低的风速以及相对湿度的增大和PM2.5、PM10的浓度的变化为雾 霾形成和发展提供了条件;雾 霾期间低层都存在不同程度的逆温现象,混合层高度与AQI呈反相关关系,当混合层高度越低,AQI就越高,污染就越严重,能见度就越差;相对湿度的升高和PM2.5在污染物颗粒中的富集,是导致能见度下降和持续污染的首要原因,而强冷空气带来的大风降温是污染物颗粒被快速清除的重要动力机制;影响南京的污染物来源为：黄海、安徽地区、北方污染物的输送和本地的局地污染。     

Aerosol black carbon measurements in the Arctic haze during AGASP-II

During the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program conducted in April 1986, we performed measurements of the optically absorbing carbonaceous component of the ambient aerosol from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft operating between sea level and 10 km altitude. We collected the aerosol of filters that were exposed for several hours; we also operated the aethalometer to measure the concentration of aerosol black carbon in real time. The filter analyses represent averages over the altitude range and time span during which the filter was collecting. The real-time results were sorted by altitude to calculate vertical profiles of black carbon concentration. Values typically ranged from 300 to 500 ng m^–3 at lower altitudes, decreasing gradually to 25 to 100 ng m^–3 at 8–10 km. Strong stratification at lower altitudes was frequently observed. The magnitude of these concentrations suggests that the sources are distant regions of considerable fuel consumption. The presence of this material in the tropospheric column and its probable deposition to the high-albedo surface may result in perturbations of the solar radiation balance. The concentrations measured at the highest altitudes may mean that particulate carbon and accompanying emissions for which it is a tracer are mixing into the stratosphere.     

宁夏雾日和霜日的变化趋势分析

利用1961～2012年宁夏22个气象台站逐日天气现象、能见度、相对湿度资料,采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、最大熵谱分析、突变分析等方法,分析了宁夏各区域雾日数和霾日数的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明：宁夏雾目数、霾日数均呈南北多、中间少的空间特征,但雾日数南部最多,而霾日数北部最多。近52a来,雾日数除南部山区呈不显著的减少趋势外,其他3个区域均呈增多趋势,而霾日数各区域均呈显著的增多趋势;另外,二者均有明显的阶段性演变特征,1961—1980年为明显偏少阶段,1981～2000年为波动变化阶段,2001年以后为明显偏多阶段;雾日数具有较明显的准7．5a,4．3a周期振荡,霾日数具有较明显的准4．6a、3,0a周期振荡;各区域雾日数与霾日数均未发生突变现象。     

A vertical sounding of severe haze process in Guangzhou area

We detected a severe haze process in Guangzhou area with lidar and microwave radiometer, performed an inversion to get boundary layer height by wavelet covariance transform, and analyzed the correlation between meteorological factors of boundary layer and visibility from the perspective of dynamical and thermodynamic structures. Our results indicate that the boundary layer height shows significant daily changes, consistent with ground visibility variation. During the cleaning process, the boundary layer height exceeded 1 km; during severe haze, the height was only 500 m. Temperature gradient of 50–100 m, which was 30 h lag, was remarkably correlated with visibility, with the correlation coefficient of 0.77. High layer visibility(255 m) and low layer stability were significantly anticorrelation, and the maximum anticorrelation coefficient was up to-0.76 in cleaning days and-0.49 in haze days. In the related boundary layer meteorological factors, surface ventilation coefficient was linearly correlated with ground visibility, with the greatest correlation coefficient of 0.88. The correlation coefficients of boundary layer height, ground wind velocity, relative humidity and ground visibility were 0.76, 0.67, and-0.77, respectively. There was a strong correlation between different meteorological factors. The dominant meteorological factor during this haze process was surface ventilation coefficient. In the area without boundary layer height sounding, ground visibility and wind velocity could be used to estimate boundary layer height.     

Using a modern analogue to interpret depositional position in ancient fluvial-tidal channels: Example from the McMurray Formation,Canada

The fluvial–tidal transition (FTT) is a complex depositional zone, where fluvial flow is modified by tides as rivers approach a receiving marine basin. Variations in the relative importance of tidal versus fluvial processes lead to a distinctive distribution of sediments that accumulate on channel bars. The FTT generally consists of three broad zones: (1) a freshwater-tidal zone; (2) a tidally influenced freshwater to brackish-water transition; and (3) a zone of relatively sustained brackish-water conditions with stronger tides. A very common type of deposit through the fluvial–tidal transition, especially on the margins of migrating channels, is inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS). At present, a detailed account of changes in the character of IHS across the FTT of a paleo-channel system has not been reported, although a number of modern examples have been documented. To fill this gap, we quantitatively assess the sedimentology and ichnology of IHS from seven cored intervals in three geographic areas situated within the youngest paleovalley (“A” Valley) in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation of Alberta, Canada. We compare the data to trends defined along the FTT in the present-day Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada to interpret paleo-depositional position in the ancient fluvial–tidal channels.Analysis determined that the mean mudstone thickness is 8.2 cm in the southern study area (SA). Mean thickness increases to 11 cm in the central study area (CA), and decreases again to 4.4 cm in the northern study area (NA). The proportion of mudstone is 31% in SA, 44% in CA, and 27% in NA. Thickness-weighted mean bioturbation intensity in sands varied from 0.29 in SA and CA, to 0.28 in NA. On the other hand, thickness-weighted mean bioturbation intensity (BI) in mudstone increases from 1.46 in SA, to 1.77 in CA, and is 1.94 in NA. The ichnological diversity also increased from south to north.Sedimentological results show similar trends to those of the Fraser River, enabling the identification of a freshwater to brackish-water transition zone with tidal influence. The interpreted position of the transition is underpinned by the bioturbation intensity and trace-fossil diversity trends, indicating periodic brackish-water conditions throughout SA in the McMurray Formation during low river flow conditions. Together, these data suggest that a broad FTT existed in the “A” Valley, with fluvial-dominated channels to the south that experienced seasonal brackish-water inundation during base flow, and channels experiencing increasing brackish-water influence lying further north towards a turbidity maximum zone. The FTT zone appears to have extended for several hundred kilometers from south to north.Based on the sedimentological and ichnological data, as well as estimations of lateral accretion rates, we refute the commonly applied Mississippi River depositional analogue for McMurray Formation channels. Rather, we show that while not a perfect fit, the tidally influenced Fraser River shows much greater agreement with the depositional character recorded in McMurray Formation IHS. Future work on the McMurray system should focus on characterizing tide-dominated deltaic and estuarine systems, such as the Ganges-Brahmaputra, and on forward-modeling the evolution of tide-dominated and tide-influenced river systems.