Therapeutic waters in the Polish geological and mining law

The Polish legislation gives groundwaters declared as curative ones a high rank of basic minerals or, in well-defined cases, of common minerals. Both kinds of minerals are subject of mining law regulations. This explains the use of the word deposit which, in the case of groundwaters, often does not reflect reality.     

Structure modelling and cation partitioning of spinel solid solutions at high <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis> conditions

This paper presents evaluation of cation distributions from diffraction data collected at high T, P, and is an extension of the spinel structure modelling procedure by Lavina et al. (2002). Optimised cation-to-oxygen distances are modified for thermal expansion and compressibility at T and P of interest following Hazen and Prewitt (1977) and Hazen and Yang (1999). The procedure is applied to literature data concerning hercynite, spinel s.s., Zn aluminate, Zn ferrite, magnetite and the (Fe₃O₄)_{1– x} (MgAl₂O₄) _x join. Calculated cation distribution is strongly affected by standard deviations in cell parameters and oxygen coordinates. The underestimated values often reported in the literature for powder profile refinements may strongly affect the cation distribution; however, if standard deviations are increased to physically realistic values, consistent results are obtained. For P up to 10 GPa, reasonable evaluations of cation distribution are obtained for spinel s.s., Zn aluminate and magnetite, whereas for Zn ferrite they are limited to 1.8 GPa. For P beyond 10 GPa, compressibility cannot be assumed to be linear; the relationship between cell parameter and pressure is well-defined, but the inaccuracy of oxygen coordinate prevents simple modelling of bond distances with pressure.     

Processes affecting deposition of sediment in a small, morphologically complex lake

Devil Lake is morphologically complex as a result of Pleistocene glacial erosion of the Frontenac Axis of the Canadian Shield. In order to assess the processes causing highly variable sedimentation in the lake, we monitored currents, suspended sediment and temperature in the lake before and during autumn overturn in 2002. Strong summer thermal stratification (stability number to 0.11 s^–1 declining with the approach of overturn) was insufficient to prevent a dynamic response in the hypolimnion to wind forcing. Superimposed on a gradual increase in suspended sediment concentration in the last weeks of stratification from less than 2 g/l to about 30 g/l were shorter-term rises lasting up to several days. Associated with these events was an increase in particle size of the sediment from a mode of 40–50 to 150–200 m ascribed to flocculation from primary particles. These events culminated in rapid (<1 h) clearing of the water associated with strong, sustained winds over the lake, especially from the southwest. After overturn, the events were more frequent, and flocculation was unable to develop as well in the more vigorous circulation. However, currents in the hypolimnion occurred throughout the period before, during and after overturn with speed related to wind speed, but direction largely independent of wind direction. The results represent an approach to understanding the nature of sedimentary processes and thus to strengthening the use of sedimentary records as proxy in environmental and paleoenvironmental assessment.     

超大型会泽富锗铅锌矿复合成因

会泽富锗铅锌矿。是近年老矿山深部找矿取得重大突破的典范,而其成因则是当前研究、讨论的热点。笔者认为该矿之形成,既非“MVT型”,亦非“VMS型”,而是与深部隐伏燕山期酸性岩有关的中温岩浆热液叠加、改造、富化的复成因矿床。自加里东期起长期处于张裂环境。深部昭通．弥勒硅镁层隆起,既是幔源玄武岩（热地幔柱）上涌的前奏,又为深部矿源上升创造畅通空间。与多旋回活动的小江深断裂相沟通的NE向矩形断裂网,是导矿、输矿、储矿的有利构造。继火山热液成矿之后,伴随燕山期褶皱、断裂和深部酸性岩浆的上升,发生第二期叠加矿化．矿石中伴生与酸性岩有关的元素组合．并以与酸性岩有关的锗富集为特征。     

三个陆面模式对新疆地区陆面过程模拟的对比研究

利用实测的大气观测数据建立陆面模式驱动场, 分别驱动Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme（BATS）, Land Surface Model（LSM）, Common Land Model（CoLM）三个陆面模式, 对新疆地区99个测站的陆面热力过程进行了off-line模拟研究, 对比分析了三个模式模拟结果的异同, 并利用观测的土壤温度检验了各个模式的模拟性能。结果表明： 三个模式对所吸收的太阳辐射、 地表感热通量、 地表潜热通量和Bowen比的模拟结果有明显差别, 其中CoLM模拟的太阳辐射、 感热通量和土壤温度比BATS和LSM大。用观测的土壤温度对三个模式模拟性能的检验表明 BATS模拟的土壤温度最接近观测值, 大约偏低1℃, 而LSM和CoLM的模拟结果偏高, CoLM模拟的年际变化趋势与观测值相关性达到0.877, 高于另外两个模式的模拟; BATS在天山以北模拟值偏低, CoLM在天山以南模拟结果偏高, LSM模拟的区域分布状况与实际观测最一致。这些结果为研究陆面模式在新疆地区的应用提供了一些参考, 对于深入了解新疆地区的陆面过程具有重要意义。     

Influence of Thermal Effects on the Wind Field Within the Urban Environment

Micrometeorological conditions in the vicinity of urban buildings strongly influence the requirements that are imposed on building heating and cooling. The goal of the present study, carried out within the Advance Tools for Rational Energy Use towards Sustainability (ATREUS) European research network, is the evaluation of the wind field around buildings with walls heated by solar radiation. Two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes were validated against extensive wind-tunnel observations to assess the influence of thermal effects on model performance. The code selected from this validation was used to simulate the wind and temperature fields for a summer day in a specific region of the city of Lisbon. For this study, the meteorological data produced by a non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model (MM5) were used as boundary conditions for a CFD code, which was further applied to analyze the effects of local roughness elements and thermodynamic conditions on the air flow around buildings. The CFD modelling can also provide the inflow parameters for a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, used to evaluate the building energy budgets and to predict performance of the air-conditioning system. The main finding of the present three-dimensional analyses is that thermal forcing associated with the heating of buildings can significantly modify local properties of the air flow.     

Thermal convection in the porous methane-soaked regolith of Titan: Investigation of stability

Titan is the only body, other than the Earth where liquid is present on the surface. In the present work we consider behavior of methane in the pores of Titan's regolith. Using numerical model we investigate quantitative conditions necessary for the onset of convection. We have found that the methane convection in Titan's regolith is possible. It can be expected in regions where the regolith has sufficiently high porosity, independently of the geothermal heat flux.     

Origin of ice diapirism, true polar wander, subsurface ocean, and tiger stripes of Enceladus driven by compositional convection

We consider the scenario in which the presence of ammonia in the bulk composition of Enceladus plays a pivotal role in its thermochemical evolution. Because ammonia reduces the melting temperature of the ice shell by 100 K below that of pure water ice, small amounts of tidal dissipation can power an “ammonia feedback” mechanism that leads to secondary differentiation of Enceladus within the ice shell. This leads to compositionally distinct zones at the base of the ice shell arranged such that a layer of lower density (and compositionally buoyant) pure water ice underlies the undifferentiated ammonia-dihydrate ice layer above. We then consider a large scale instability arising from the pure water ice layer, and use a numerical model to explore the dynamics of compositional convection within the ice shell of Enceladus. The instability of the layer can easily account for a diapir that is hemispherical in scale. As it rises to the surface, it co-advects the warm internal temperatures towards the outer layers of the satellite. This advected heat facilitates the generation of a subsurface ocean within the ice shell of Enceladus. This scenario can simultaneously account for the origin of asymmetry in surface deformation observed on Enceladus as well as two global features inferred to exist: a large density anomaly within the interior and a subsurface ocean underneath the south polar region.     

The thermal conductivity for granite with various water contents

The thermal conductivities of granite were measured under different conditions of porosity and water content to investigate the effects of the porosity and water content on the thermal conductivity. For the dry samples, the thermal conductivities range from 2.12 W/mK for the rocks with a high porosity to 3.12 W/mK for the ones with a low porosity. Water-sorbed samples have greater thermal conductivities than dry samples of the same granite. The thermal conductivities range from 2.99 W/mK for granites with a high porosity to 3.62 W/mK for ones with a low porosity under saturated condition.     

Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential

Thermal maturity was determined for about 120 core, cuttings, and outcrop samples to investigate the potential for coalbed gas resources in Pennsylvanian strata of north-central Texas. Shallow (< 600 m; 2000 ft) coal and carbonaceous shale cuttings samples from the Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian Strawn, Canyon, and Cisco Groups in Archer and Young Counties on the Eastern Shelf of the Midland basin (northwest and downdip from the outcrop) yielded mean random vitrinite reflectance (R_o) values between about 0.4 and 0.8%. This range of R_o values indicates rank from subbituminous C to high volatile A bituminous in the shallow subsurface, which may be sufficient for early thermogenic gas generation. Near-surface (< 100 m; 300 ft) core and outcrop samples of coal from areas of historical underground coal mining in the region yielded similar R_o values of 0.5 to 0.8%. Carbonaceous shale core samples of Lower Pennsylvanian strata (lower Atoka Group) from two deeper wells (samples from ~ 1650 m; 5400 ft) in Jack and western Wise Counties in the western part of the Fort Worth basin yielded higher R_o values of about 1.0%. Pyrolysis and petrographic data for the lower Atoka samples indicate mixed Type II/Type III organic matter, suggesting generated hydrocarbons may be both gas- and oil-prone. In all other samples, organic material is dominated by Type III organic matter (vitrinite), indicating that generated hydrocarbons should be gas-prone. Individual coal beds are thin at outcrop (< 1 m; 3.3 ft), laterally discontinuous, and moderately high in ash yield and sulfur content. A possible analog for coalbed gas potential in the Pennsylvanian section of north-central Texas occurs on the northeast Oklahoma shelf and in the Cherokee basin of southeastern Kansas, where contemporaneous gas-producing coal beds are similar in thickness, quality, and rank.