Bidirectional reflectance spectrometry of gravel at the Sjökulla test field

The Sjökulla test site is used for testing and calibrating aerial images. The permanent test field is made of four types of gravel (dark gabbro, grey granite, red granite, white limestone) in two sizes (diameters 8–16 mm and 4–8 mm) set in various patterns. The bidirectional reflection properties of the targets together with their temporal changes must be known in order to carry out radiometric and spectral evaluation and calibration.The bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRF) of the gravel have been measured several times in the test fields using portable field goniospectrometers belonging Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI), and once using the European Goniometic Facility (EGO) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) at Ispra, Italy. Detailed BRFs have been obtained, showing features typical to particulate media, e.g. a small bowl shape, strong backscattering, and smooth wavelength dependence. Temporal range measurements over several years show that the black gabbro and red granite are fairly stable, while the grey granite has changed somewhat over the years and the white limestone has experienced dramatic darkening effects, requiring action to be taken.The measured BRF data have increased the usability of the test field considerably. The results are also useful in the development and validation of scattering models for particulate media. The site has proved to be a good test bench for goniospectrometric instruments, too.     

CLIGEN天气发生器在中国东北三省模拟温度的适用性评价

CLIGEN（Climate Generator）是美国农业部针对本土开发用于提供长序列的逐日气象数据的模型,是否适用于中国东北三省并没有进行过评估。本文利用1981-2015年东北三省15个气象站逐日气象数据评估CLIGEN模拟的温度数据,对东北三省72个站点实测值和模拟值的极端最高温度、极端最低温度、≥ 35℃高温日数、≤ 0℃低温日数进行评估。结果表明：CLIGEN对日平均最高温度、最低温度模拟效果较好,平均绝对百分比误差MAPE（mean absolute percent error）和有效系数（E）中,日最高温度的MAPE为0.33%-14.74%,日最低温度的MAPE大多小于10%;有效系数E的值也非常接近,为0.9880-0.9999;CLIGEN对日较差均值的模拟效果较好,对日较差标准差的模拟效果一般,不能较好地模拟温度的连续性和渐变性;CLIGEN对极端温度和日数的评估只有低于0℃的日数模拟效果比较理想,从差值空间分布看来,吉林和辽宁西部地区是差值较大和较多的地区。     

Prüfstrategie zur Bewertung potentiell erbgutverändernder Wasserinhaltsstoffe unter Einsatz gentoxikologischer Methoden

Assessment and Characterization of Genotoxic Water Contaminants with Modern Genotoxicological Methods The necessity of genotoxicological studies in water requires modern and practicable concepts for a prospective environmental protection. Up to now, genotoxicological studies prefer only the observation and detection of basic genotoxic effects in enriched surface water samples and the fruitless search for the involved water contaminants. In this publication, a new test strategy for the detection and the assessment of genotoxicity in water will be introduced. This strategy allows the detection and the verification of positive results and is therefore able to assess the evidence of these results for the water quality more accurate. The aim of this strategy is the detection of basic genotoxic effects (primary DNA damages), the clarification of the biological mechanisms, and the search for the reasons with modern analytical methods. The involved water contaminants and their mode of action will then be better understood. A test strategy in three steps will be proposed. In the first step genotoxicological indicator tests such as comet assay, alkaline filter elution, or the SOS-umu-test are used to get information about the basic status of the tested water samples. In the second step, the positive results of the primary DNA damages will be verified with mutation tests such as the micronucleus assay. The involved biological mechanisms will be biochemically characterized, and the biological active substances will be preclassified. Finally, in the third step the observed mechanisms will be confirmed with modern chemical methods such as HPLC MS-MS. These modern techniques are also able to detect and quantify the genotoxic compounds preclassified in step two.     

Biologischer Abbau der Photolyseprodukte von FeIIIEDTA

Biodegradation of the Photolysis Products of Fe^IIIEDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is not biodegraded by activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. This work shows that after photolysis of Fe^IIIEDTA, easily degradable metabolites are formed. The OECD Test 302 B yielded a 53% bioelimination with a sunlight irradiation time of 6.5 hours followed by a 4-week incubation. After 20 hours of sunlight irradiation, EDTA is bioeliminated to 92%. One of the photolytic degradation products, ethylenediaminediacetate (EDDA), has been quantitatively eliminated within 14 days following a lag-phase of 2 weeks. The photolysis of the iron complexes of the phosphonates ATMP and DTPMP did not result in biologically degradable metabolites. With these results, the environmental impact of EDTA can be re-evaluated emphasizing the amount and fate of Fe^IIIEDTA in the environment. Fe^IIIEDTA was found to be present in effluents of wastewater treatment plants at fractions from 20 to 90% of the total EDTA. Fe^IIIEDTA has a half life of about 2 hours in sunlit waters. Complexes of EDTA with other metals do not exchange with iron and are photostable. Therefore, EDTA behaves like 2 different compounds: – Fe^IIIEDTA undergoes fast photolysis with biodegradation of the metabolites. – The other metal-EDTA complexes are persistent in the environment. Ecological arguments against the use of EDTA are therefore still valid for all EDTA-complexes except the one of Fe(III). However, Fe(III) complexes with the phosphonates ATMP and DTPMP do not exhibit such favorable properties over other metal-complexes, and so all arguments against the use of phosphonates are still valid.     

图里河国家基准气候站CAWS600-S型自动气象站观测数据资料均一性分析

利用历史数据对安装CAWS600-S型自动气象站后所获得的年平均气温、年平均气压、年平均风速、年平均地面温度进行均一性分析。主要运用要素逐年变化曲线、统计分析、对比数据分析等方法进行检验,结果未发现自动站年平均气温、气压、风速与历史记录存在显著性差异,可以与人工观测的历史数据进行合并应用。而自动站年平均地面温度与人工观测数据存在较大差异,在资料应用时应注意区别。     

兰青铁路增建二线青海省乐都段施工振动效应测试与分析

2007年4月21日青海省工程地震研究院对兰青铁路增建二线青海乐都施工段施工引起的振动效应进行了现场测试。主要任务是对乐都段4个施工现场场地不同施工方式（不同震源）下因施工引起的振动效应进行现场测试,获得振动效应数据并进行分析,为选择适宜的施工方式,提高工效,减轻施工振动对周围建筑物、构筑物和需保护工程设施及周围居民点的影响提供参考依据。     

Gas tracer transport through a heterogeneous fracture zone under two phase flow conditions: Model development and parameter sensitivity

Large amounts of gas can result from anaerobic corrosion of metals and from chemical and biological degradation of organic substances in underground repositories for radioactive waste. Gas generation may lead to the formation of a gas phase bubble and to the migration of radioactive gaseous species. Transport occurs in, at least, in two forms: (1) gas bubble, migration is controlled by advection, dispersion and diffusion in the gas phase, and (2) within water pockets, the dissolved species migrate mainly by diffusion. We consider a two-dimensional system representing an isolated heterogeneous fractured zone. A dipole gas flow field is generated and gas tracers are injected. The delay in the breakthrough curves is studied. A simple method is used to solve the gas species transport equations in multiphase conditions. This method is based on a formal analogy between the equations of gas transport in a two phase system and the equations of solute tracer transport in water saturated systems. We perform a sensitivity analysis to quantify the relevance of the various transport mechanisms. We find that gas tracer migration is very sensitive to gas tracer solubility, which affects gas tracer transport of both mobile and immobile zones, and shows high sensitivity to diffusion in the gas phase, to heterogeneity and to gas pressure, but the largest sensitivity was observed with respect to injection borehole properties, i.e. borehole volume and water filled fraction.     

A test case for the simulation of three-dimensional variable-density flow and solute transport in discretely-fractured porous media

A test case has been developed for three-dimensional simulations of variable-density flow and solute transport in discretely-fractured porous media. The simulation domain is a low-permeability porous matrix cube containing a single non-planar fracture. The initial solute concentration is zero everywhere. A constant solute concentration is assigned to the top of the domain, which increases near-top fluid density and induces downward density-driven flow. The test case is therefore comparable to downwelling of a dense brine below a saline disposal basin or a waste repository. Numerous fingers and distinct convection cells develop early in the fracture but the fingers later coalesce and convection becomes less apparent. To help test other variable-density flow and transport models, results of the test case are presented both qualitatively (concentration contours and velocity fields) and quantitatively (penetration depth, mass flux, total mass stored, maximum fracture and matrix velocity).     

淀山湖氮磷营养物20年变化及其藻类增长响应

从淀山湖20年的监测数据和AGP试验结果人手,结合20年的遥感影像资料,分析淀山湖氮磷营养物的长期变化规律及其对藻类演替和增长的影响.从1985年第一次大规模藻类水华暴发,经过15年的营养物积累,在1999-2000年之间,淀山湖由中度富营养化湖泊逐渐转化为重度富营养化湖泊,1999年之后淀山湖水体氮磷营养物大量聚集.叶绿素a水平迅速提高.分别以1999年前的2.25倍、6.67倍和3.40倍的速率上升,其中以磷的上升速率为最快;透明度则以平均每年递减5cm的速度下降.藻类群落转化为以绿藻和蓝藻为主,藻类水华的频率为1999年前的2-3倍.当水体TN浓度超过3.5mg/L时,AGP试验不再有任何显著性反应.2002年的现场试验和藻类水华频次与高浓度TN出现概率的相关分析表明,夏秋季当水体TN浓度在3.5mg/L时,可以引起藻类大量增长;高浓度TN出现概率越高,藻类水华的次数越多.研究证明淀山溯已经具备暴发大规模、大面积蓝藻水华的条件,水体TN浓度超过临界值(>3.5mg/L)的频次越多,淀山湖爆发蓝藻水华的可能性越大.     

虹吸触点式流量自记仪的研制及试验观测

虹吸触点式流量自记仪是根据水导电的原理, 利用开关电路控制电磁铁带动记录笔,记录定量泄流的次数, 并通过机械转动装置偶合, 达到连续自记流量的目的。该设备能保证流量观测精度, 又具有结构简单, 操作简便等特点。