The International Latitude Service – A Historical Review, From The Beginning To Its Foundation In 1899 And The Period Until 1922

The study of Polar Motion (PM) is associated withthe work of the InternationalLatitude Service (ILS), the International PolarMotion Service (IPMS) and theBureau International de l'Heure (BIH), andthen the International Earth RotationService (IERS). After reviewing briefly thehistory of early PM research, thescientific objective of the ILS including itsrealizing, and the activities of all thecited services and giving information on thePM time series available from mid-19thcentury to the present, important details onthe events and results are presentedover the period until 1922. It is shown, inwhich way the Geodetic Institute Potsdamcontributed to the foundation of the ILS andtook part in its activities through thework of Helmert, Albrecht, Wanach and Mahnkopf.Based on international scientificcooperation, the results were the rectangularcoordinates of the Polar Motion from1890.0 to 1922.7 at 0.1 year intervals, inparticular those derived from the latitudeobservations at independent stations from 1890.0to 1899.8, and those derived fromthe latitude observations at the ILS stationsfrom 1899.9 to 1922.7.     

黑龙江省及其邻区地震序列早期特征研究

通过对中国大陆103个地震序列（自1966年以来）显著地震发生后6小时内的资料进行分析表明,中国东部地区地震序列的数量明显低于西部地区,而黑龙江省及其邻区地震序列的数量则更少。地震累积频度拟合函数主要呈指数函数、幂函数分布,其中双震型或多震型序列以指数函数分布为主,主余震型则以幂函数分布为主。 h 值、k 值与地震数量及主余震时间差等无线性关系。显著地震有前震的序列,其地震频度拟合函数、h 值与前震至显著地震的时间间隔有关,当时间间隔大于7小时,地震累积频度拟合函数多呈指数函数分布,h 值<0.5。     

Quasi-static three-dimensional analysis of suction anchor mooring system

The suction anchor has been widely used in taut or semi-taut mooring systems as an effective and economical solution to anchoring problems. To ensure high reliability, the profile of the mooring cable connecting the fairlead and the pad-eye must be accurately designed. However, previous studies have rarely considered the effect of cable slippage in soil on the mooring behavior, or embedded cables have been studied with an assumed tension at the seabed. This paper, by treating the cable suspended in water and the cable embedded in soil as a single cable, presents a two-dimensional (2D) static model and a three-dimensional (3D) quasi-static model for the cable during pretensioning and in service, respectively. The two models take into account the comprehensive effects of ocean currents, soil resistance and cable elasticity, all of which are critical for the design of a mooring system. Three examples are analyzed using the models and some useful conclusions are drawn.     

Forecasting sea level anomalies from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellite altimetry

This paper aims at the prediction of both global mean sea level anomalies (SLAs) and gridded SLA data in the east equatorial Pacific obtained from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimetric measurements. The first prediction technique (denoted as LS) is based on the extrapolation of a polynomial-harmonic deterministic least-squares model describing a linear trend, annual and semi-annual oscillations. The second prediction method (denoted as LS + AR) is a combination of the extrapolation of a polynomial-harmonic model with the autoregressive forecast of LS residuals. In the case of forecasting global mean SLA data, both techniques allow one to compute the predictions of comparable accuracy (root mean square error for 1-month in the future is of 0.5 cm). In the case of predicting gridded SLA data, the LS + AR prediction method gains significantly better prediction accuracy than the accuracy obtained by the LS technique during El Niño 1997/1998, La Niña 1998/1999 and during normal conditions.     

分布式旅游信息系统研究

本文详细介绍了基于ArcGIS Server9.0和Java Applet+JOGL的分布式旅游信息系统的构建方法,其中ArcGIS Server主要用于实现基础旅游信息的显示、查询、分析和辅助决策等功能;而利用Java Applet+JOGL开发网络环境下的三维景观漫游模块,弥补了ArcGIS Server 9.0在三维应用开发支持方面的不足。并将该方法应用于《中国云南-GMS旅游合作决策支持信息平台》的项目研发。     

基于Web Service和Mashup的城市地理信息共享

提出了一个基于Web Service的城市地理空间数据服务技术框架,并讨论采用Mashup技术,实现数据共享和应用开发。案例研究验证了城市地理数据服务框架的可行性,表明Web Service和Mashup技术在数字城市中具有巨大的应用潜力。     

地理信息一站式服务网站建设研究

提高信息的共享与服务水平是一个国家迈向信息社会与服务型社会的重要举措,而地理空间信息共享与服务在其中占据十分重要的位置。本文对建立省级地理信息一站式服务门户网站的可行性和必要性进行了分析,并阐述了其设计思路及实现过程。     

Mapping and characterizing the vegetation types of the Democratic Republic of Congo using SPOT VEGETATION time series

The need for quantitative and accurate information to characterize the state and evolution of vegetation types at a national scale is widely recognized. This type of information is crucial for the Democratic Republic of Congo, which contains the majority of the tropical forest cover of Central Africa and a large diversity of habitats. In spite of recent progress in earth observation capabilities, vegetation mapping and seasonality analysis in equatorial areas still represent an outstanding challenge owing to high cloud coverage and the extent and limited accessibility of the territory. On one hand, the use of coarse-resolution optical data is constrained by performance in the presence of cloud screening and by noise arising from the compositing process, which limits the spatial consistency of the composite and the temporal resolution. On the other hand, the use of high-resolution data suffers from heterogeneity of acquisition dates, images and interpretation from one scene to another. The objective of the present study was to propose and demonstrate a semi-automatic processing method for vegetation mapping and seasonality characterization based on temporal and spectral information from SPOT VEGETATION time series. A land cover map with 18 vegetation classes was produced using the proposed method that was fed by ecological knowledge gathered from botanists and reference documents. The floristic composition and physiognomy of each vegetation type are described using the Land Cover Classification System developed by the FAO. Moreover, the seasonality of each class is characterized on a monthly basis and the variation in different vegetation indicators is discussed from a phenological point of view. This mapping exercise delivers the first area estimates of seven different forest types, five different savannas characterized by specific seasonality behavior and two aquatic vegetation types. Finally, the result is compared to two recent land cover maps derived from coarse-resolution (GLC2000) and high-resolution imagery (Africover).     

The tower of Babel: Different perceptions and controversies on change and status of North Sea fish stocks in multi-stakeholder settings

Fishermen, scientists, national policy makers, and staff of environmental NGOs (ENGOs) hold different perceptions about temporal patterns in fish stocks. Perception differences are problematic in multi-stakeholder settings, because they elicit controversies and unbalanced disputes. These hinder effective participation, a prerequisite for ‘good governance’ and effective management of sustainable fisheries. This study shows that perceptions of change (‘does the stock increase or decrease?’) and of current status of a fish stock (‘is it doing well or not?’) are influenced by the capturing and processing of information, rather than by interests alone. We focused on the Dutch North Sea fishery on plaice and sole and examined (1) availability and accessibility of information on temporal patterns of these stocks and (2) perception differences between all parties. A first explanation for these differences is the use of different parameters as a measure for stock size. Fishermen focus on catch rates or catch-per-unit-effort (relative stock size), whereas scientists, policy makers, and ENGO-staff mainly use scientific assessments of spawning stock biomass (absolute stock size). Between-group perception differences are further explained by spatial aggregation levels of information, lengths of time series evaluated, and by modes of comparison to qualify the current status of fish stocks. Awareness of information differences and the development of shared information use and processing may release some of the tensions in multi-stakeholder settings debating fisheries management. However, comprehension problems amongst all parties on how spawning stock biomass is reconstructed and how it relates to catch rates in the fishery may pose an enduring barrier.     

大气悬浮颗粒物粒谱分析研究

本文对大气悬浮颗粒物的测量是利用半导体激光器,通过镜片组形成双光斑,当颗粒物经过双光斑时发生散射,由雪崩二极管检测散射光形成双峰信号,双峰间距即为待测粒子通过双光斑时的飞行时间,利用飞行时间可得到相应的粒径大小. 大量的实验表明空气中的粒谱呈正态高斯分布,这点与理论分析结果相一致.