流变学基础模型的地质应用及启示

地质作用经常是流变过程,岩石经受长时间应力作用可以在小应力条件下产生大变形。地质作用具有充分漫长的时间,所以野外露头成为研究天然流变学最好的现场,流变学理论在力学中自19世纪下半叶以来已经有迅速的发展,但用于解释地质作用的文献仍然很少。文中介绍一个基本粘弹性模型——马克斯威尔模型作为描述岩石变形的实例,同时给出应变与应力和时间三者的本构关系。代入真实岩石的“E”值和“η”值,获得了岩石的“马克斯威尔松弛时间”,约为1012s,约合3.2万年,这意味着使应力经松弛降低到某一明显程度和使应变经蠕变增加到某一明显程度在数量级上至少需要10万年以上。     

基于Java Applet的Internet地图服务平台设计

论述了网络环境下建立地图服务平台的设计思路与结构设计,在此基础上对矢量地图数据基本流程做了详细的论述,其中主要包括数据获取、数据压缩、数据传输、数据表达与空间查询等.基于Java语言,从底层实现了基于Socket协议连接的服务器端与客户端地图数据的组织、传输与数据可视化表达,实现了网络地图发布平台.主要讨论了Java环境下具体地图服务平台设计.     

郑州市东区浅部断层的构造特征研究

断层活动性研究是大城市地震预测和防震减灾的基础性工作。在郑州活断层探测工作中,采用地震勘探方法查明了花园口、上街和须水3条断层的空间分布、地质特征及构造活动性,为郑州市未来的地震监测及抗震防灾工作提供了可靠的基础资料。另外,通过分析断层活动特征,提出了判定断层活动性的一些新认识,为大城市活断层探测特别是覆盖层较厚地区隐伏断层的探测提出了一种有效方法。     

时间结构变异分析法在伽师-巴楚震群序列中的应用研究

1997～2003年新疆伽师-巴楚地区发生了包含27次5级以上地震的罕见强震群活动。震群活动分别经历了1997、1998和2003年3个不同强度的地震时段。在不同时段内的5级以上地震前,地震活动均出现过不同程度的增强-平静变化。为了有效界定序列丛集(增强)-平静变化的前兆意义,寻找临震预测的时间判据,本文从地震活动过程的非线性特征入手,分析研究震群序列的时间结构特征,判定发震系统的随机性大小,确定当前序列的变异程度,进而预测序列未来的发展趋势。以震群活动区附近的喀什地震台记录的序列目录为资料,以序列中MS≥5地震为起点,以下一个5级以上地震为终点,分段统计分析地震序列的时间结构关系。主要结果为:①序列绝大部分5级以上地震前,时间变异系数均有不同程度的异常显示。②在定义δ≈1之后的10天之内,震群中发生5级以上地震的可能性很大。③时间变异系数有3种类型,即持续变异、单点变异、无变异。④5级与6级地震前的δ值变化过程相似,其值域大小没有明显区别。在震群型序列中,依据δ≈1无法准确界定当前序列的属性(前震序列还是余震序列)和判定后续震级,只能判断序列中可能会发生5级以上地震。⑤序列临界丛集性质是分层次的。只有在某一震级时,序列才会出现临界丛集变异状态。⑥时间变异系数有明确的物理意义。当地震活动出现丛集-平静现象之后,它可以清晰地描述发震系统的随机状态,进而有效界定这种丛集-平静变化是否具有前兆意义。在地震频次衰减基本正常(h>1)且无突出的丛集-平静状况下,通过时间变异系数也可以发现序列的异常变化。反之,在震群活动晚期,当出现许多地震平静现象之后,即使在h<1的状态下,时间变异系数也并未出现异常显示,这表明δ值诊断法具有较好的普适性。     

What drives high flow events in the Swiss Alps? Recent developments in wavelet spectral analysis and their application to hydrology

Extreme hydrological events are often triggered by exceptional co-variations of the relevant hydrometeorological processes and in particular by exceptional co-oscillations at various temporal scales. Wavelet and cross wavelet spectral analysis offers promising time-scale resolved analysis methods to detect and analyze such exceptional co-oscillations. This paper presents the state-of-the-art methods of wavelet spectral analysis, discusses related subtleties, potential pitfalls and recently developed solutions to overcome them and shows how wavelet spectral analysis, if combined to a rigorous significance test, can lead to reliable new insights into hydrometeorological processes for real-world applications. The presented methods are applied to detect potentially flood triggering situations in a high Alpine catchment for which a recent re-estimation of design floods encountered significant problems simulating the observed high flows. For this case study, wavelet spectral analysis of precipitation, temperature and discharge offers a powerful tool to help detecting potentially flood producing meteorological situations and to distinguish between different types of floods with respect to the prevailing critical hydrometeorological conditions. This opens very new perspectives for the analysis of model performances focusing on the occurrence and non-occurrence of different types of high flow events. Based on the obtained results, the paper summarizes important recommendations for future applications of wavelet spectral analysis in hydrology.     

Application of a library based method to time domain electromagnetic data for the identification of unexploded ordnance

A simple library based algorithm for the identification of unexploded ordnance is tested on time domain electromagnetic data. A library of polarization tensors is generated from data acquired on a test stand over a collection of different UXO. The objective of the algorithm is to determine which target of the library is most likely to have produced an observed data anomaly. For each target in our library a non-linear inverse problem is solved for the position and orientation that minimizes the least-squares difference between the observed data anomaly and the data predicted from each target. This technique avoids direct inversion for polarization tensor, making it feasible for cases where sensor data quality may not be sufficient to support confident estimation of model parameters. For cases where the background soil response is significant, we also invert for the t⁻¹ decay characteristic of viscous remnant magnetic soil. We present results of preliminary tests of the library technique to Geonics EM63 time domain electromagnetic data collected on a test plot seeded with UXO. These tests demonstrate an excellent ability to accurately identify isolated targets. Misidentification of single targets occur when data anomalies have low signal to noise ratios or when targets within the library have similar polarization tensors.     

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF LABORATORY SAMPLE INPUT SIGNALS:AUTOCORR

An expert system is presented for automated time series analysis of laboratory sample input signals.Thesystem,AUTOCORR,builds a model of the time series by identifying the processes that are present.These are an uncorrelated random process and,underlying this,possibly one or more of the following:a first-order autoregressive process,a trend and a periodic process.AUTOCORR has a knowledge baseof 44 rules and 41 facts for this purpose.The employed shell,INFER,allows the use of algorithmicprocedures.Elaborate tests with simulated signals show that AUTOCORR has a very low false positivescore and is successful in describing time series for laboratory simulation models.     

贵州石头寨二叠系古油藏油气成藏期分析：流体包裹体与Sm-Nd同位素制约

贵州石头寨二叠系古油藏是滇黔桂地区众多上古生界生物礁型古油藏的典型代表。该古油藏发育了三期溶孔、裂缝充填方解石,其中含丰富的油气包裹体,三期油气包裹体组合依次为:少量液烃包裹体→液烃包裹体 气烃包裹体→气烃包裹体,与油气包裹体共生的气液水包裹体的均一温度分别为77℃～84℃、91℃～103℃和103℃～155℃。根据含油气包裹体的均一温度,结合沉积盆地热演化史和储层埋藏史,确定石头寨古油藏三期油气充注时间分别为238～235Ma、233～230Ma 和230～185Ma,第三期裂缝充填方解石的 Sm-Nd 等时线年龄为182±21Ma。古油藏的油气充注始于印支中期,于印支晚期至燕山早期达到高峰,燕山中晚期以来遭受破坏形成现今的残余古油藏。     

The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS): current capabilities and future prospects

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) plays a unique and fundamental role in the maintenance of the global (terrestrial and celestial) reference frames, which are required for precise positioning in many research areas such as the understanding and monitoring of global changes, and for space missions. The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) coordinates the global VLBI components and resources on an international basis. The service is tasked by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) and International Astronomical Union (IAU) to provide products for the realization of the Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) through the positions of quasars, to deliver products for the maintenance of the terrestrial reference frame (TRF), such as station positions and their changes with time, and to generate products describing the rotation and orientation of the Earth. In particular, VLBI uniquely provides direct observations of nutation parameters and of the time difference UT1-UTC. This paper summarizes the evolution and current status of the IVS. It points out the activities to improve further on the product quality to meet future service requirements.     

Estimating regional forest cover in East Texas using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data

This study tested the degree to which single date, near-nadir AVHRR image could provide forest cover estimates comparable to the phase I estimates obtained from the traditional photo-based techniques of the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. FIA program is part of the United States Department of Agriculture-Forest Service (USFS). A six-county region in east Texas was selected for this study. Manual identification of ground control points (GCPs) was necessary for geo-referencing this image with higher precision. Through digital image classification techniques forest classes were separated from other non-forest classes in the study area. Classified AVHRR imagery was compared to two verification datasets: photo-center points and the USFS FIA plots. The overall accuracy values obtained were 67 and 71%, respectively. Analyses of the error matrices indicated that the AVHRR image correctly classified more forested areas than non-forested areas; however, most of the errors could be attributed to certain land cover and land use classes. Several pastures with tree cover, which were field-identified as non-forest, were misclassified as forest in the AVHRR image using the image classification system developed in this study. Recently harvested and young pine forests were misclassified as non-forest in the imagery. County-level forest cover estimates obtained from the AVHRR imagery were within the 95% confidence interval of the corresponding estimates from traditional photo-based methods. These results indicate that AVHRR imagery could be used to estimate county-level forest cover; however, the precision associated with these estimates was lower than that obtained through traditional photo-based techniques.