大理岩的剪切波分裂对差应力变化响应的实验研究

利用ＤＺ９５型多通道瞬态波形记录仪和ＧＣ－１００型工程多波参数分析仪,对山东莱州大理岩进行了剪切波分裂观测研究．通过两组岩样的测量,在带有自然优势定向排列裂缝的岩样在无加载状态下发现剪切波的分裂现象,而带有优势层理走向的完整岩石则在加载到一定程度下才能观测到剪切波的分裂．随着载荷的增加,多数岩样在临近破坏时都记录到剪切波分裂的时间延迟有一个迅速的抬升,但抬升之前的变化过程不同,不同位置的观测结果也大不相同．实验还发现,在一定压力下,即使载荷保持不变或卸载一加载,岩石中剪切波分裂的时间延迟仍然增加,我们称之为“惯性生长”．在实验中,还少量地记录到一些声发射事件,和人工源的效果一样,也可在接收波形中清楚地分辨出剪切波的分裂．     

Time transfer using GPS carrier phase: error propagation and results

 A joint time-transfer project between the Astronomical Institute of the University of Berne (AIUB) and the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and Accreditation (METAS) was initiated to investigate the power of the time transfer using GPS carrier phase observations. Studies carried out in the context of this project are presented. The error propagation for the time-transfer solution using GPS carrier phase observations was investigated. To this purpose a simulation study was performed. Special interest was focussed on errors in the vertical component of the station position, antenna phase-center variations and orbit errors. A constant error in the vertical component introduces a drift in the time-transfer results for long baselines in east–west directions. The simulation study was completed by investigating the profit for time transfer when introducing the integer carrier phase ambiguities from a double-difference solution. This may reduce the drift in the time-transfer results caused by constant vertical error sources. The results from the present time-transfer solution are shown in comparison to results obtained with independent time-transfer techniques. The interpretation of the comparison benefits from the investigations of the error propagation study. Two types of solutions are produced on a regular basis at AIUB: one based on the rapid orbits from CODE, the other on the CODE final orbits. The rapid solution is available the day after the observations and has nearly the same quality as the final solution, which has a latency of about one week. The differences between these two solutions are below the nanosecond level. The differences from independent time-transfer techniques such as TWSTFT (two-way satellite time and frequency transfer) are a few nanoseconds for both products. Received: 15 November 2001 / Accepted: 6 September 2002 Correspondence to:R. Dach     

适合中小型企业网络的Web信息发布技术研究

针对中小型企业网络的特点，讨论了三种适合中小型企业网络的Web信息发布技术：基于域名的虚拟主机、反向代理和NAT端口转发技术，分别以具体实现工具及配置实例讨论了它们的实现过程。最后，比较了这三种实现技术各自的优缺点，并给出了部署建议。     

西北地区夏季降水异常的时空特征分析

本文使用西北地区95个测站，时间序列为1960-2000年共41年的加密测站资料，运用旋转经验正交函数分解（REOF）以及功率谱分析等方法，对西北地区夏季降水的时空特征及其演变规律进行了诊断分析，结果表明：西北地区夏季降水区域性较强，存在多时空尺度特征，且平均具有准3年和4.8年的周期变化。将西北地区夏季水异常区域划分为4个区后可见，北疆地区夏季降水的周期振荡最接近平均状况，南疆降水异常区次之，相比之下青海异常降水区解释方差最小，同时发现，在近41年来，西北地区夏季降水的平均状况是80年代以前多数年份降水偏少，干旱性强，80年代以后整个西北地区夏季降水则有增多的趋势；分区分析后表现为：北疆区和南疆区从80年代后期开始降水增多，内蒙古西部地区90年代以后降水增多，而东北高原区夏季除70年代到80年代中期降水偏多外，其前和其后降水都偏少。     

神经网络在气象观测资料优化中的应用研究

利用一种改进的BP算法，对气象观测资料进行优化处理，并把神经网络方法看作是时间序列方法的扩充。利用该算法提出了基于空间相关、时间相关、模式相关三种资料优化处理方案，为气象观测资料的优化提供了一条新方法。利用文中的方法，对黑河地区的观测资料进行了修正实验，取得了比较满意的结果。     

Analysis and performance of a predictor‐multicorrector Time Discontinuous Galerkin method in non‐linear elastodynamics

A predictor‐multicorrector implementation of a Time Discontinuous Galerkin method for non‐linear dynamic analysis is described. This implementation is intended to limit the high computational expense typically required by implicit Time Discontinuous Galerkin methods, without degrading their accuracy and stability properties. The algorithm is analysed with reference to conservative Duffing oscillators for which closed‐form solutions are available. Therefore, insight into the accuracy and stability properties of the predictor‐multicorrector algorithm for different approximations of non‐linear internal forces is gained, showing that the properties of the underlying scheme can be substantially retained. Finally, the results of representative numerical simulations relevant to Duffing oscillators and to a stiff spring pendulum discretized with finite elements illustrate the performance of the numerical scheme and confirm the analytical estimates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕北黄土高原气候干旱特性的混沌研究

在阐述了混沌系统的复杂特性以及关联维数的计算原理基础上，以陕北黄土高原地区气候干旱日持续时段分布为例，具体介绍了如何利用关联维数来判别其混沌性以及如何从单变量时间序列中提取其关联维数，提出了判断陕北黄土高原地区气候干旱混沌特性及其控制简单易行的方法。     

基于PDA的公交信息数据库设计与查询算法

设计了一个基于PDA的、移动的公交信息数据库并描述了四种面向不同需要的公交信息查询方式及相应的算法。除了提供三种传统的公交查询方式外，还系统提供了以设备持有者为当前所处位置为中心的、公交线路信息的查询。     

Spatial and temporal changes in the structure of groundwater nitrate concentration time series (1935–1999) as demonstrated by autoregressive modelling

Autoregressive modelling is used to investigate the internal structure of long-term (1935–1999) records of nitrate concentration for five karst springs in the Mendip Hills. There is a significant short term (1–2 months) positive autocorrelation at three of the five springs due to the availability of sufficient nitrate within the soil store to maintain concentrations in winter recharge for several months. The absence of short term (1–2 months) positive autocorrelation in the other two springs is due to the marked contrast in land use between the limestone and swallet parts of the catchment, rapid concentrated recharge from the latter causing short term switching in the dominant water source at the spring and thus fluctuating nitrate concentrations. Significant negative autocorrelation is evident at lags varying from 4 to 7 months through to 14–22 months for individual springs, with positive autocorrelation at 19–20 months at one site. This variable timing is explained by moderation of the exhaustion effect in the soil by groundwater storage, which gives longer residence times in large catchments and those with a dominance of diffuse flow. The lags derived from autoregressive modelling may therefore provide an indication of average groundwater residence times. Significant differences in the structure of the autocorrelation function for successive 10-year periods are evident at Cheddar Spring, and are explained by the effect the ploughing up of grasslands during the Second World War and increased fertiliser usage on available nitrogen in the soil store. This effect is moderated by the influence of summer temperatures on rates of mineralization, and of both summer and winter rainfall on the timing and magnitude of nitrate leaching. The pattern of nitrate leaching also appears to have been perturbed by the 1976 drought.     

Temporal analysis of the frequency and duration of low and high streamflow: years of record needed to characterize streamflow variability

A temporal analysis of the number and duration of exceedences of high- and low-flow thresholds was conducted to determine the number of years required to detect a level shift using data from Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Two methods were used—ordinary least squares assuming a known error variance and generalized least squares without a known error variance. Using ordinary least squares, the mean number of years required to detect a one standard deviation level shift in measures of low-flow variability was 57.2 (28.6 on either side of the break), compared to 40.0 years for measures of high-flow variability. These means become 57.6 and 41.6 when generalized least squares is used. No significant relations between years and elevation or drainage area were detected (P>0.05). Cluster analysis did not suggest geographic patterns in years related to physiography or major hydrologic regions. Referring to the number of observations required to detect a one standard deviation shift as ‘characterizing’ the variability, it appears that at least 20 years of record on either side of a shift may be necessary to adequately characterize high-flow variability. A longer streamflow record (about 30 years on either side) may be required to characterize low-flow variability.