罗云山山前断裂带阶地调查研究及其构造意义

Located at the west of the Linfen basin, the Luoyunshan piedmont fault zone controls the western boundary of the basin. According to the measurements of the terraces in eight gullies along the Luoyunshan fault zone, five levels of terraces, namely T1～T5 have developed in these gullies. The heights of terraces T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 are about 3m, 8～10m, about 20m, about 30m and 40～50m, respectively. The dating data of the terraces and investigation of the faulted landforms show that the Luoyunshan fault zone has experienced much activity since the Late Quaternary. The uplift rate of the terraces was 0.41mm/a since the Middle-Late Pleistocene, and 0.75mm/a since the Holocene. The increasing trend of uplift rate of the terraces along the Luoyunshan fault zone from the Middle-Late Pleistocene to Holocene indicates the tendency of gradual tectonic uplift of the fault zone since the late Quaternary. This is in good agreement with the increasing trend of subsidence rate of the Linfen basin from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene.     

2009年云南姚安6.0级地震震源机制与发震构造的分析研究

利用P波、SV波、SH波初动及其振幅比联合反演震源机制解的方法,计算了2009年7月9日发生在云南姚安6.0级地震余震序列的震源机制解,同时结合地震序列的空间分布,对姚安6.0级地震的发震断层性质和震区应力场特征进行综合分析。结果分析表明：（1）姚安6.0级地震发震断层为NWW—SEE向的直立右旋走滑断层,与美国哈佛大学的主震CMT解节面基本一致,也与余震优势方向分布一致,证明结果可靠;（2）震区主压应力场优势方向为NNW—SSE向,与其现今区域构造应力场主压应力NNW—SSE向一致,表明主震应力场主要受到现今区域构造应力场的控制,同时还有一些小的余震与主震应力场不同,表明震区应力场的多样性和复杂性;（3）结合本次地震序列的空间分布、震源机制解特征、震区断裂构造特征综合分析,综合判定姚安6.0级地震的发震构造属于马尾箐断裂。     

利用水位资料反演华北地区构造应力场变化

本文选取华北地区观测条件较好的63口水位观测井资料, 运用小波分析法去除各井水位资料中的短期高频信息, 提取出能反映水位多年动态变化的趋势信息, 并利用各井水位趋势变化数据反演出华北地区多年构造应力场变化图像, 结合其它水文资料, 探讨了华北地区近年来的构造应力场变化特征。     

Sedimentary evolution of the Late Eocene Vernet lacustrine system (South-Central Pyrenees). Tectono-climatic control in an alluvial-lacustrine piggyback basin

A complete third-order tectono-sedimentary cycle filled the Vernet lacustrine piggyback basin during the late Eocene. The depositional sequence can be subdivided into five units or systems tracts with distinct architectural frameworks, which developed a progressive unconformity. Sedimentary infilling of the piggyback basin began with retrogradational alluvial fans and fluvio-alluvial deposits being deposited, arranged in two thinning- and fining-upward cycles during the uplifting and emplacement of the southernmost Pyrenean thrusts, and with three thickening- and coarsening-upward progradational floodplain and lacustrine cycles, during the quiescence of the southernmost thrusts, at the same time as the emplacement of several northernmost thrusts of the southern Pyrenees. The facies associations identified represent different depositional environments in a sheetflow-dominated system, including playa-lake deposits, floodplain deposits, sheetflow fluvial deposits and sheet deltas in ephemeral to shallow lacustrine settings. Fourth and fifth order arid/semi-arid climatic cycles can be recognized, driven either by orbital obliquity and precessional forcing (Milankovitch cyclicity), insolation cycles or possibly subprecessional autogenic mechanisms related to the emplacement of northern thrusts and the consequent changes in the drainage basin. Arid periods are recorded by sheetflood fluvial, ephemeral lacustrine or terminal splay deposits, with abundant medium-to-coarse-grained sandstone packages in red-to-grey mudstones, a product of unconfined or low-confined sheetflows or hyperconcentrated flows, with bedload and suspended load, during flood episodes, at times of lake lowstand. Semi-arid periods are recorded as relative highstand lacustrine deposits, including grey-to-white mudstones deposited in prodelta environments and fine-grained sheet sandstone units sedimented in a delta front (with minor channels and extensive sheet lobes) and prodelta environments in shallow lakes, from sheetflood events.     

Heterogeneous strain regime in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications

The eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau is one of the most active zones of tectonic deformation and seismicity in China. To monitor strain buildup and benefit seismic risk assessment, we constructed 14 survey-mode global position system(GPS) stations throughout the northwest of Longmenshan fault. A new GPS field over 1999–2011 is derived from measurements of the newly built and pre-existing stations in this region. Sequentially,two strain rate fields, one preceding and the other following the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, are obtained using the Gausian weighting approach. Strain field over1999–2007 shows distinct strain partitioning prior to the2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, with compression spreading over around Longmenshan area. Strain field derived from the two measurements in 2009 and 2011 shows that the area around Longmenshan continues to be under striking compression, as the pattern preceding the Wenchuan earthquake, implying a causative factor of the sequent of 2013 MW6.7 Lushan earthquake. Our GPSderived dilatation shows that both the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes occurred within the domain of pronounced contraction. The GPS velocities demonstrate that the Longriba fault underwent slight motion with the faultnormal and-parallel rates at 1.0 ± 2.5 mm and 0.3 ± 2.2 mm/a; the Longmenshan fault displayed slow activity, with a fault-normal rate at 0.8 ± 2.5 mm/a, and a fault-parallel rate at 1.8 ± 1.7 mm/a. Longriba fault is on a par with Longmenshan fault in strain partitioning to accommodate the southeastward motion of eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Integrated analysis of principal strain tensors, mean principal stress, and fast directions of mantle anisotropy shows that west of Sichuan is characterized as mechanically strong crust-mantle coupling.     

南秦岭旬阳盆地东部晚泥盆世岩浆成因钠长岩及其构造意义

南秦岭旬阳盆地的钠长岩此前被认为是热水沉积或热液交代作用的产物。本文对南秦岭旬阳盆地东端黄石板地区侵入于下志留统梅子亚组浅变质岩中的钠长岩体进行了地球化学和锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年代学研究,结果表明钠长岩具有富钠贫钾、铝不饱和、亏损大离子亲石元素K和Rb、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Th、Hf)显著富集的地球化学特点,主体属于钙碱性系列岩石,反映幔源成因的特征。钠长岩中获得最年轻的锆石U-Pb年龄为364~376Ma,该年龄代表岩体的形成年龄,反映晚泥盆世时南秦岭旬阳盆地处于强烈的伸展构造环境。此项研究结果表明,在旬阳盆地的志留系中,岩浆成因与热水沉积成因的钠长岩可能是共存的。黄石板岩浆成因钠长岩岩体中含有大量前寒武纪和早古生代的捕获锆石,在捕获锆石中测得迄今为止在研究区及其邻区获得的最古老的锆石U-Pb年龄(3291Ma)。这些捕获锆石的测年数据说明,研究区所在的南秦岭地区可能从古太古代开始就与扬子地块具有明显的亲缘性。     

Cenozoic metallogeny of Greece and potential for precious,critical and rare metals exploration

The Cenozoic metallogeny in Greece includes numerous major and minor hydrothermal mineral deposits, associated with the closure of the Western Tethyan Ocean and the collision with the Eurasian continental plate in the Aegean Sea, which started in the Cretaceous and is still ongoing. Mineral deposits formed in four main periods: Oligocene (33–25 Ma), early Miocene (22–19 Ma), middle to late Miocene (14–7 Ma), and Pliocene-Pleistocene (3–1.5 Ma). These metallogenic periods occurred in response to slab-rollback and migration of post-collisional calc-alkaline to shoshonitic magmatism in a back-arc extensional regime from the Rhodopes through the Cyclades, and to arc-related magmatism along the active south Aegean volcanic arc. Invasion of asthenospheric melts into the lower crust occurred due to slab retreat, and were responsible for partial melting of metasomatized lithosphere and lower crustal cumulates. These geodynamic events took place during the collapse of the Hellenic orogen along large detachment faults, which exhumed extensive metamorphic core complexes in mainly two regions, the Rhodopes and the Cyclades. The detachment faults and supra-detachment basins controlled magma emplacement, fluid circulation, and mineralization.The most significant mineralization styles comprise porphyry, epithermal, carbonate-replacement, reduced intrusion-related gold, intrusion-related Mo-W and polymetallic veins. Porphyry and epithermal deposits are commonly associated with extensive hydrothermal alteration halos, whereas in other cases alteration is of restricted development and mainly structurally controlled. Porphyry deposits include Cu-Au-, Cu-Mo-Au-Re, Mo-Re, and Mo-W variants. Epithermal deposits include mostly high- and intermediate-sulfidation (HS and IS) types hosted in volcanic rocks, although sedimentary and metamorphic rock hosted mineralized veins, breccias, and disseminations are also present. The main metal associations are Cu-Au-Ag-Te and Pb-Zn-Au-Ag-Te in HS and IS epithermal deposits, respectively. Major carbonate-replacement deposits in the Kassandra and Lavrion mining districts are rich in Au and Ag, and together with reduced intrusion-related gold systems played a critical role in ancient economies. Finally hundreds of polymetallic veins hosted by metamorphic rocks in the Rhodopes and Cyclades significantly add to the metal endowment of Greece.     

Chronological constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Chinese Tianshan Orogen through detrital zircons from modern and palaeo-river sands

The Chinese Tianshan Orogen marks prolonged and complicated interactions between the southwestern Palaeo-Asian Ocean and surrounding blocks. New and previously published detrital zircon chronological data from modern and palaeo-river sands were compiled to reveal its tectonic evolution. It is characterized by predominant Palaeozoic as well as minor Mesozoic and Precambrian detrital zircon ages with a multimodal characteristic. The oldest Phanerozoic zircon population (peaking at 475 Ma) is a result of subduction and closure of the early Palaeozoic Terskey Ocean. However, the absence of this peak in the Chinese North and southern South Tianshan suggests that subductions of the North and South Tianshan oceans may not have initiated until the Late Ordovician with subsequent 460–390 and 360–320 Ma arc magmatism. Similar to the magmatic suite in classic collisional orogens, the youngest massive 320–270 Ma magmatism is suggested to be post-collisional. The North and South Tianshan oceans therefore probably had their closure to form the Chinese Tianshan Orogen during the late Carboniferous. The weak Mesozoic intra-plate magmatism further rejects a late Permian–Triassic Tianshan Orogen due to a lack of extensive syn- and post-collisional magmatism. Moreover, diverse Precambrian detrital zircon age patterns indicate that the surrounding blocks have distinct evolutionary processes with short-term amalgamation during the Meso- to Neoproterozoic.     

The Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE) on the southern slope of the Subalpine Basin (SE France) and its bearing on a probable tectonic pulse on a larger scale

The Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE) event is not associated with a transgression on the southern margin of the Subalpine Basin, but with a steady shallowing-up trend beginning in the lower half of the δ¹³C positive shift. The SW–NE Rouaine Fault had a complex role, first in isolating a black shale basin to the west and a large, deep submarine plateau devoid of black shale to the east, then by a strike-slip movement that induced a forced progradation to the north of the southern platform in the eastern compartment. This compressive tectonic reactivation of the southern margin began around the deposition of the local equivalent of the Plenus bed of boreal basins, as shown by correlation supported by both isotope and palaeontological data. Other local data are pieced together to suggest that the whole of SE France underwent a short-lived transpressive tectonic pulse around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary, probably connected with the early compressive movement of Africa vs. Europe. On a larger scale, other published data suggest that this pulse could be a global one. It is coeval with renewed thrust loading, volcanism and transgression in the North-American Western Interior, local emergences during the event along the eastern Atlantic margin, suggesting a slight tendency to inversion of the margin, and a tilting to the east of the North-Africa plate that could explain the large transgression recorded from Morocco to Tunisia on the Saharan Craton.New isotope and palaeontological (coiling ratio of Muricohedbergella delrioensis) data from SE France suggest that two coolings of suprabasinal importance occurred just before and during the build-up of the d¹³C shift, including the boreal “Plenus Marls“, especially its middle limestone bed and its SE France equivalent.Regarding the extinction of the genus Thalmaninella and Rotalipora and during the event, neither anoxia nor climate changes can fully explain the palaeontological crisis, given that Rotalipora cushmani crosses the first phase of anoxia without harm, as well as the two coolings, not only in SE France but on a large scale, as shown by the correlation of the published data. This extinction needs alternative explanations as we challenge both anoxia and climate as major causes.     

东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅳ):北界西段早古生代构造变形

北祁连造山带是原特提斯洋北支西段——古祁连洋闭合的地质记录,其经历了早古生代复杂的造山过程,但其俯冲极性、闭合时间、拼合方式还存在争议。通过详细的野外构造解析,并对变质年代学资料进行统计,在研究区识别出三幕早古生代褶皱变形。其中,第一幕变形发生在489~442Ma,形成于古祁连洋壳俯冲-碰撞阶段,主要表现为区域性的片理、片麻理或糜棱叶理;第二幕变形发生在422~406Ma,形成于俯冲板片的折返阶段,主要表现为轴面南倾的紧闭褶皱;第三幕变形则主要为轴面近于直立的宽缓褶皱。前两幕变形被第三幕变形叠加改造。祁连地区广泛分布着奥陶系-志留系与上覆泥盆系的角度不整合,不整合面上、下的地层对比指示西段不整合时间早于东段不整合时间,可能代表了古祁连洋西段拼合较早、东段拼合较晚的斜向"剪刀式"拼合。此外,多条穿过整个研究区的1∶20万地质剖面上的运动学解析,揭示了古祁连洋壳自北向南的俯冲极性。综合以上研究结果,认为古祁连洋壳最早的俯冲时间为544Ma,中祁连和阿拉善微陆块自462Ma开始碰撞拼合,古祁连洋于442Ma最终闭合。早古生代原特提斯洋北界西段俯冲方式为自南向北"后退式"俯冲,可能发生过俯冲带跃迁事件。