Negative diffusion in planetary rings with a nearby moon

This paper analyzes a process that has been observed in simulations of numerous systems where ring material is strongly perturbed by a nearby moon. If the ring particles can be imparted with a forced eccentricity on the order of 10⁻⁵ in a single pass by the moon, particle orbits are observed to move towards regions of higher density as a result of the organized collisions that occur in the dense peaks of the satellite wake. The width of the ring can decrease by as much as 90% if the forced eccentricity is greater than 3 × 10⁻⁵ and the unperturbed geometric optical depth is greater than 0.03. The fractional change in ring width is relatively insensitive to the particle size so long as the particle radius is much less than the product of the semimajor axis and the forced eccentricity. Including a power law particle size distribution with slope of −2.8 spanning a decade in particle radius reduces the fractional width change by about 10% compared to the uniform particle-size case. Adding gravitational interactions between ring particles only has a significant effect on ring confinement if the unperturbed geometric optical depth exceeds .03, but a 40% reduction in ring width is still achieved in a self-gravitating ring of geometric optical depth 0.3 if the forced eccentricity exceeds 3 × 10⁻⁵. This process does not require the material to be in resonance with the moon, nor does it have any minimum mass constraints because particle self-gravity is not required. The collisional damping of satellite wakes therefore provides a simple mechanism by which a single moon can reduce the radial extent of any ringlet that is close to it and has sufficient optical depth for collisions to be significant.     

MODIS大气校正精度评价及其对表层雪密度提取影响

以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究区,以中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）为遥感数据源,结合ASD FieldSpec准同步实测积雪反射光谱数据对FLAASH大气校正能力进行了评价。研究表明： ①校正后的MODIS各波段积雪反射率与准同步实测积雪反射率波形相似, 在第1～7波段整体相关系数达0.82,表明FLAASH大气校正能极大地提高MODIS地物识别能力; ②校正后的MODIS 第6波段反射率和归一化差值积雪指数（NDSI）与实测雪密度呈线性相关,可用回归拟合构建MODIS雪密度遥感计算模式。     

基于卫星辐射率资料的两种三维云反演方法对比研究

基于格点统计插值分析系统（Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system,简称GSI）,利用粒子滤波（Particle Filter,简称PF）方法对卫星红外辐射率资料进行了云覆盖、云高等三维云图产品的反演研究。选取了具有高时空分辨率的静止卫星GOES（Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites）-Imager辐射率资料进行了云反演试验,初步评估了PF云反演方法的可行性及其与多元极小残差（Multivariate and Minimum Residual,简称MMR）云反演方法的异同。结果表明:两种方法反演得到的云覆盖和云顶气压与NASA基于CO₂切片法反演得到的GOES云产品一致性较高。PF和MMR方法反演产品的优点是云图信息是三维分布的,相对于NASA提供的GOES云产品能提供更全方位立体的云信息。MMR方法需要利用一维变分逐步拟合观测来反演三维云图产品;PF方法采用不同模式垂直层的云覆盖比例作为不同粒子来近似后验概率分布,计算效率大大提高。进一步提出了一种新的基于“扰动粒子”的粒子滤波云反演方法,结果表明:在滤波过程中采用足够多的粒子样本（样本数量约为250）可以改进后验概率密度函数的估计,有效地避免了粒子发散问题,改善了云反演的结果。     

海洋卫星测高技术和海洋地形试验TOPEX卫星计划

ＴＯＰＥＸ卫星是目前精度最高的海洋测高卫星，利用ＳＬＲ技术确定的ＴＯＰＥＸ卫星轨道径向精度达到２．８ｃｍ，这使它可以有效地监测全球的海洋地形。ＴＯＰＥＸ卫星主要用于全球的海面变化和洋流研究。利用ＴＯＰＥＸ资料可以得到新的地球引力场，海洋大地水准面和海潮模型。     

Frost heaving force considering synchronous damage to tunnel lining and surrounding rocks under freeze–thaw cycles

In areas with seasonal freezing, when the tunnel lining concrete is saturated with water infiltrating the interior, the lining and the surrounding rocks will simultaneously freeze.However, the current calculation of the frost heaving force fails to consider the synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks under freeze–thaw cycles. Therefore, as per the elastic calculation model of the frost heaving force and model of steady-state heat transfer of circular tunnels, this study introduces...