基于“三生空间”的土地利用转型与生态环境效应——以长江三角洲核心区为例

以长江三角洲核心区为例,利用1990、2000、2010年3期遥感影像解译获取土地利用变化数据,按照“生产-生态-生活”土地利用主导功能分类,通过土地利用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、土地利用转型的生态贡献率等方法,定量分析长江三角洲地区土地利用转型、时空格局特征与生态环境效应。结果表明：① 1990~2010年,长三角地区基于“三生用地”的土地利用转型表现为生产用地减少,生态用地稳定,及生活用地快速增加。② 长三角地区生态环境质量指数从1990年的0.470持续降至2010年的0.444,整体质量有所恶化,较高质量区和高质量区面积与比重保持稳定。③ 1990~2010年,长三角地区同时存在生态改善和恶化的两种趋势,生态环境改善小于环境恶化的趋势。城镇和农村生活用地、工矿生产用地对农业生产用地的挤占则是导致生态环境质量恶化的重要原因。     

生态保护红线成效评估框架与指标方法

生态保护红线是在自然保护区、重点生态功能区、风景名胜区、森林公园等诸多区域生态管理制度不断实践基础上,面对中国国土开发和生态保护的复杂关系,继承和创新提出的一种新型区域生态管控制度,已经成为推动国家生态文明建设的重大战略。如何科学评估生态保护红线保护成效,服务于生态保护红线综合管理和保障区域生态安全,成为普遍关注的热点问题之一。针对已有的区域生态保护成效评估案例的不足,基于划定生态保护红线是为保障国家和区域生态安全的基本认知,围绕着生态保护红线“生态功能不降低、面积不减少、性质不改变”的管控目标,以生态保护红线对区域生态系统保护作用为主要出发点,提出生态保护成效评估框架和指标方法。生态保护成效评估以生态系统类型构成和生态系统服务功能为内容主线,通过多维度时空尺度拓展,耦合分析生态保护红线内外、实施前后的生态状况变化,综合评估生态保护红线对保障区域生态安全的贡献和改善区域生态状况的作用。进而,可以关联分析可能引起生态保护红线生态状况变化的管控政策、制度和其他间接驱动因素,评估政策实施成效评估。实证上选择海南省生态保护红线和广东省严格控制区为案例进行了讨论。     

Looking for a White Male Effect in Generation Z: Race,Gender, and Political Effects on Environmental Concern and Ambivalence

The “White male effect” has been presented in past literature as a way to explain the tendency for White males to have lower environmental concern and risk perceptions than female and non-White individuals. Recently, research has proposed the “White male effect” may be a “conservative White male effect,” due to findings that political ideology impacts environmental concern. This study used a sample of young college-educated adults from Generation Z to test whether the conservative White male effect is present for environmental concern and ambivalence toward a proenvironmental worldview in this younger generation. Online surveys were distributed to undergraduate students at a large northeastern university in spring of 2016. A total of 1,940 surveys were returned. Results showed a lack of a unique White male, or conservative White male, effect above and beyond differences explained by gender, Whiteness, and political affiliation. The implications of this effect’s absence are discussed.     

Indigenous Land Management in Peri-Urban Landscapes: An Australian Example

This article examines roles, opportunities, and challenges for Indigenous land management in rapidly developing landscapes through a case study of Bunya Bunya Country Aboriginal Corporation, a not-for-profit organization on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. An analysis of data collected through semistructured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of secondary sources reveals that Aboriginal land managers work in a variety of roles to manage issues affecting the local environment and cultural heritage sites. These efforts are challenged by the absence of Native Title and colonial land management policies, which restrict Aboriginal involvement in land management. We conclude that there is a need for alternative pathways to engage with Aboriginal land managers who cannot, or choose not to, proceed with Native Title. Decolonized decision-making tools and sustainable enterprises are viable opportunities that partially address these challenges and could deliver tangible socio-economic and cultural benefits to local Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.     

千岛湖旅游地聚居空间特征及其社会效应

作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游正在不可逆转地改变着聚居空间演变进程。旅游地聚居空间特征及其社会效应是透视旅游地社会转型的重要维度之一,旅游地聚居现象已构成旅游地理学研究的重要命题。以千岛湖为案例,立足社区尺度,应用实地观察法、访谈法、问卷调查方法、GIS空间技术、统计分析法,探究千岛湖旅游地聚居空间发展过程;识别和划分居住社区类型,测算居住社区空间分异度,揭示旅游影响下典型聚居区分布格局;从居住满意度、社会交往和社会融合三个方面,构建聚居空间社会效应指标体系。研究发现：① 伴随着社会经济转型、旅游产业发展与城市更新的不断推进,千岛湖镇聚居空间发展经历了5个发展阶段。② 识别了76个基本空间单元,将76个居住小区划分为乡村社区、商住混合社区、老旧住房社区、一般商品房社区、高档商品房社区、高档别墅区、旅游度假社区7种类型。③ 城市居住空间分异现象存在于旅游地聚居空间。社会阶层越低的社区居住分异度越大,社会阶层较高的社区居住分异度越小。千岛湖镇聚居空间呈现圈层结构分布模式,从湖岸到中心城区,居住等级逐渐降低,乡村社区呈扇型镶嵌于主城区居住空间结构上,老旧住房社区和旅游度假社区分布于千岛湖镇外围。④ 旅游发展导致了聚居空间社会分异,引致旅游地传统社会关系的裂变分化,进一步影响聚居满意度、社会交往和社会融合。千岛湖镇旅游地社区居住总体处于较满意状态,且千岛湖镇社区居住满意度存在明显的空间差异,不同社区个体交友意愿存在差异,大部分居民能较好地适应本地生活。     

Analysis of the coupled relationship between grain yields and agricultural labor changes in China

In this paper we establish a model that expresses the coupled relationship between grain yield and agricultural labor changes in China, and present a preliminary discussion of the coupled processes involved in changes in these factors at the county level. Thus, we develop two coefficients on the basis of county-level statistical data for grain yield and agricultural labor for the years 1991, 2000, and 2010, namely, the grain-labor elasticity coefficient (GLEC) and the agricultural labor-transfer effect coefficient (ALTEC). The results of this study show that during the transformation process of agricultural development in China, different kinds of coupled relationships between grain yield and agricultural labor changes co-existed at the same time. For example, between 1991 and 2010, counties characterized by three different coupled modes (i.e., increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor, increasing grain yield and agricultural labor, and decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor) account for 48.85%, 29.11%, and 19.74% of the total across the study area, respectively. Interestingly, a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor is mainly concentrated in the traditional farming areas of China, while a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and agricultural labor is primarily concentrated in pastoral areas and agro-pastoral ecotones in underdeveloped western China. At the same time, a coupled relationship between decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor is concentrated in areas that have experienced a rapid development transition in agriculture, especially the developed southeastern coast of China. The results of this study also show that between 1991 and 2010, 1961 counties experienced a decline in the proportion of agricultural labor; of these, 1452 are also characterized by increasing grain yield, 72.38% of the total. This coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in the proportion of agricultural labor shows a stepped fluctuation and has continually strengthened over time. Data show that mean values for the GLEC and ALTEC increased from–0.25 and–2.93 between 1991 and 2000 to–0.16 and–1.78 between 2000 and 2010, respectively. These changes in GLEC and ALTEC illustrate that the influence of agricultural labor changes on increasing grain yields has gradually diminished. Finally, the results of this study reveal that the ‘Hu Huanyong Line’ is a significant boundary sub-dividing this coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in agricultural labor.     

Characterizing mixed-use buildings based on multi-source big data

To-date few research has successfully integrated big data from multiple sources to characterize urban mixed-use buildings. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic model to integrate multi-source and geospatial big data (social network data, taxi trajectories, Points of Interest and remote sensing images) to characterize urban mixed-use buildings. The usefulness of our model is demonstrated with a case study of the Tianhe District in megacity Guangzhou, China. The model predicted building functions at 85% accuracy based on ground truth data from field surveys. We further explored the spatial patterns of the identified building functions. Most mixed-use buildings are located along major streets. Our proposed model can identify mixed-use buildings in a city; information is useful for planning evaluation and urban policymaking.     

贺兰山东麓罕见特大暴雨的预报偏差和可预报性分析

提要:利用常规气象观测资料、银川CD多普勒雷达探测资料和ECMWF、T639、WRF、NCEP/NCAR等模式资料,分析了宁夏气象台漏报的2016年8月21日夜间贺兰山东麓历史罕见特大暴雨天气过程的成因,探讨了重大预报误差之缘由和可预报性,结果表明:(1)ECMWF、T639、WRF三种模式均预报宁夏中北部有15 mm以下的降雨,量级显著偏小是漏报诱因;而ECMWF降雨预报结果明显优于其他模式。(2)2016年8月中下旬西太平洋副热带高压持续偏强、位置偏北,21日达最强,在588dagpm线控制下,592dagpm线从宁夏南部东退,受低层切变线、辐合场和低空急流及贺兰山地形的共同影响,引发了宁夏极为罕见的特大暴雨。当地预报员对于极端暴雨事件预报经验匮乏,对副热带高压强盛、位置偏北的极强暴雨环流形势演变了解和认识欠缺。(3)源于东海的中低层偏东气流在西行中形成东南和南风低空急流,并在贺兰山东麓建立一暖性辐合线,由于贺兰山地形阻挡了气流的移动而产生的绕流、摩擦辐合及迎风波抬升,延长了降雨时间,对暴雨的增幅有促进和加强作用,预报中忽视了贺兰山地形对降雨影响。(4)对暴雨预报有效的物理量场θ_(se500)-θ_(se850)0K、θ_(se500)≥337K和θ_(se850)≥337K、K指数≥38℃、LI≤-3、Q_(700)≥12kg·kg~(-1)等指标掌握应用不熟练。分析结果表明:对于8月21日特大暴雨预报员可提前6h确定暴雨落区、订正降雨量级达到暴雨,可做到过程不漏报,但是经订正后的预报无法报出历史罕见的极端暴雨。     

5月青藏高原上空环流与北疆夏季降水的关系

基于1961—2016年5—8月西藏高原环流指数、NCEP再分析资料和新疆96个气象观测站点的降水资料,通过相关分析和合成分析,研究了5月青藏高原上空环流与北疆夏季降水的关系,以及两者之间可能影响的物理机制。结果表明:(1)5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ与北疆夏季降水有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.38;(2)5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的强弱变化会影响500hPa的夏季环流特征、夏季地表至300 hPa的水汽通量输送,当指数偏强时,夏季环流形势的配置和水汽输送均有利于北疆夏季降水,反之,则不利于北疆夏季降水;(3)夏季西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ和北疆夏季降水、5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的关系密切,并且5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ和青藏高原5月、夏季的感热通量有明显的负相关,通过高原的热力持续性作用,5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的强弱可以影响北疆夏季降水的多少。