Discovering spatial and temporal patterns from taxi-based Floating Car Data: a case study from Nanjing

Floating Car Data (FCD) refers to the trajectories of vehicles equipped with Global Positioning System-enabled devices that automatically record location-related data within a short time interval. As taxies in Chinese cities continually drive along the streets seeking passengers, FCD can easily traverse the entire street network in a city on a daily basis. Taking advantage of this situation, this study extracted passenger pickup and drop-off locations from FCD sourced from 6445 taxis over a 2-week period in Nanjing, China to discover human behavioral patterns and the dynamics behind them. In this study, road nodes are converted to the points, based on which Thiessen polygons are generated to divide the study area into small areas with the goal of exploring the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations. Moran’s I index is used to calculate the spatial autocorrelation of the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations, and hot spot analysis is used to identify statistically significant spatial clusters of hot and cold spots. The spatial and temporal patterns of FCD in the study area are investigated, and the results show that: (1) the temporal patterns show a strong daily rhythm, (2) the spatial patterns show that the number of pickup and drop-off locations gradually diminish from the downtown areas to the outer suburbs, (3) the spatiotemporal patterns exhibit large differences over time, and (4) the driving forces explored by regression models indicate that population density and transportation density are consistent with the population distribution, but per capita disposable income is not consistent with the population distribution.     

局部自相似性与MRF网络模型的超分重建算法

针对局部自相似性重建方法的块效应问题,以及MRF网络模型方法外部训练库数据不相关性产生的图像重建误差问题,提出了一种结合局部自相似性和MRF网络模型的超分辨率重建方法。首先,利用图像局部自相似特性,引入自身冗余信息构建高分训练库,然后建立低分与高分训练库映射的MRF网络模型,通过置信传播算法求解MRF模型重建高分图像。以仿真和真实卫星图像进行超分实验,结果表明本文方法能够改善图像的细节,较好地去除了块效应,提高了地物边缘的清晰度。     

Riparian thermal conditions across a mixed rural and urban landscape

Riparian corridors have the potential to function as thermal refuges, moderating extremes of local temperature variation. However, although demonstrated at individual sites, and over short periods, the consistency of this effect at wider temporal and spatial scales is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to assess the temperature differences between riparian corridors and adjacent non-riparian habitats and to explore the influence of environmental characteristics on these differences. Air temperature was monitored hourly at 20 paired locations (riparian and non-riparian) for two consecutive years. Urban index and canopy cover were characterised by calculating the percentage of impervious surface area and tree canopy cover within a 100 m radius from the centre of each sampling site. Canopy cover reduced summer thermal stresses in both urban and rural areas whereas high urban index tended to increase the daily thermal indices. Rivers had a significant mitigating effect on the urban riparian thermal condition, particularly in extreme hot weather. Riparian corridors were generally 1 °C cooler than non-riparian locations in summer and could be up to 3 °C cooler at some sites in extreme hot weather. Furthermore, riparian corridors at some sites were warmer than non-riparian locations in winter. These findings suggest that the proximity of rivers can modify riparian thermal environments, potentially reducing the heat stress of riparian corridors across landscapes.     

Fishing in the Amazonian Forest: A Gendered Social Network Puzzle

We employ social network analysis (SNA) to describe the structure of subsistence fishing social networks and to explore the relation between fishers’ emic perceptions of fishing expertise and their position in networks. Participant observation and quantitative methods were employed among the Tsimane’ Amerindians of the Bolivian Amazon. A multiple-regression quadratic assignment procedure was used to explore the extent to which gender, kinship, and age homophilies influence the formation of fishing networks. Logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between fishers’ expertise, their sociodemographic identities, and network centrality. We found that fishing networks are gendered and that there is a positive association between fishers’ expertise and centrality in networks, an association that is more striking for women than for men. We propose that a social network perspective broadens understanding of the relations that shape the intracultural distribution of fishing expertise, as well as natural resource access and use.     

Political Alienation,Rurality and the Symbolic Role of Swedish Wolf Policy

Attitudes towards wolf policy are likely to be driven by perceived differences in political power between urban and rural groups. Using Swedish survey data collected in 2014 and structural equation modeling, I evaluated the effects of political alienation. Political alienation mediated the effect of having an urban or rural place of residence on attitudes towards wolf policy. Politically alienated individuals also preferred more extreme policy options than other respondents, while being less likely to approve of the current wolf policy in Sweden. These findings suggest that political alienation drives attitude polarization in wolf related social conflicts. Awareness of these underlying power asymmetries could possibly increase both policy legitimacy and management efficiency. This highlights the importance of accounting for social context in relation to policy-making and conservation efforts related to wolves.     

中国入境旅游的经济增长效应与空间差异性研究

在旅游业与经济增长作用关系分析基础上,探究了旅游溢出理论,将其产生机制归纳为知识溢出、市场溢出和竞争效应3个方面。实证分析中,构建了包括入境旅游、物质资本、人力资本、科技创新和对外开放的分析框架,运用中国大陆31个省域2000~2014年面板数据对入境旅游的经济增长效应进行实证检验。全局分析得出中国入境旅游在邻近省市以集聚与合作为主,邻近省域入境旅游发展对本地经济增长具有辐射带动作用,且这种空间溢出效应大于直接效应;入境旅游业发达的地区,入境旅游的经济增长效应更大。局部分析发现,随着入境旅游的发展,入境旅游的经济增长效应不断强化,中部部分地区提升幅度最大;入境旅游的经济增长效应存在空间差异性,东部沿海地区贡献最大,西北地区相对最小。     

跨区域线性文化遗产类旅游资源价值评价——以长安-天山廊道路网中国段为例

跨区域线性文化遗产是一类特殊的旅游资源。基于其特殊性,以其各遗产点的价值评价作为整个遗产的价值评价;借助层次分析法、菲什拜因-罗森伯格模型,通过设定评分标准与评价等级,构建跨区域线性文化遗产旅游资源价值评价模型;实证分析认为提出的方法与模型能较准确地评价资源价值,长安-天山廊道路网中国段各遗产点价值均在优良等级及以上,其中27.3%为五级（特品级）资源,59.1%为四级资源,13.6%为三级资源,在旅游开发中应采取领先开发或重点开发、分区开发及加强遗产点历史文化挖掘与宣传普及等策略。     

创新资源协同空间联系与区域经济增长——基于中国省域数据的实证分析

以中国31个省域为空间样本,运用趋势面、引力模型和探索性空间数据分析法研究中国创新资源协同空间联系的动态变化特征,通过构建创新资源协同势能与区域经济增长空间面板计量模型,实证探讨创新资源协同空间联系与区域经济增长关系。研究结果表明：2003~2014年中国各省域创新资源协同状况整体呈现“东南高,西北低”的空间分布特征;创新资源协同空间联系呈现显著的区域不平衡性,空间网络结构分布格局变化显著：从简单雏形逐渐发育为“鸡爪型”、多核心复杂化的“网络型”空间结构;创新资源协同势能呈现显著的空间正相关,主要向东部沿海地区集聚;实证结果显示中国区域经济增长存在显著的空间溢出效应,创新资源协同空间联系对区域经济增长表现出显著的促进效应,可以通过直接效应、间接效应和总效应空间溢出促进区域经济增长。     

小流域水分行为、生态效应及其优化调控研究方面的若干问题

把小流域水文生态研究,分解为小流域水分行为、生态效应及其优化调控研究3个方面。在分析国内外研究现状与问题的基础上,指出了其需要系统加以探讨的若干内容,认为由此可构建流域水文生态学的基本框架,进而发展流域水文生态学。     

TURBULENCE STRUCTURE IN A STRATIFIED BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER STABLE CONDITIONS

Turbulence structure in stably stratified boundary layers isexperimentally investigated by using a thermally stratified wind tunnel. Astably stratified flow is created by heating the wind tunnel airflow to atemperature of about 50 °C and by cooling the test-section floor to asurface temperature of about 3 °C. In order to study the effect ofbuoyancy on turbulent boundary layers for a wide range of stability, thevelocity and temperature fluctuations are measured simultaneously at adownwind position of 23.5 m from the tunnel entrance, where the boundarylayer is fully developed. The Reynolds number, Re, ranges from 3.14× 104 to 1.27 × 105, and the bulk Richardson number, Ri,ranges from 0 to 1.33. Stable stratification rapidly suppresses thefluctuations of streamwise velocity and temperature as well as the verticalvelocity fluctuation. Momentum and heat fluxes are also significantlydecreased with increasing stability and become nearly zero in the lowest partof the boundary layer with strong stability. The vertical profiles ofturbulence quantities exhibit different behaviour in three distinct stabilityregimes, the neutral flows, the stratified flows with weak stability(Ri = 0.12, 0.20) and those with strong stability (Ri= 0.39,0.47, 1.33). Of these, the two regimes of stratified flows clearly showdifferent vertical profiles of the local gradient Richardson number Ri,separated by the critical Richardson number Ri cr of about 0.25. Moreover,turbulence quantities in stable conditions are well correlated with Ri.